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APS357- conflict + coop > 15-human coop + conflict > Flashcards

15-human coop + conflict Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

what is evolutionary psychology?

A

study of effects of genes on human behaviour

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2
Q

list 4 controversies with sociobioogy

A
  • cultural influences + ethical difficulties of experiments
  • simplistic arguments that are hard to test
  • Eugenics
  • motivation- not thinking about consequences
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3
Q

what is the life history theory for menopause?

A

NS should synchronise senescence of somatic + reproductive functions so individuals have capacity to reproduce throughout life

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4
Q

what is menopause?

A

loss of reproductive potential + long lost post reproductive life

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5
Q

in natural fertility human populations what is?|:

a) median age of final birth
b) menopause
c) post reproductive life

A

a) 38
b) 50
c) 20+ years

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6
Q

in pilot whales populations what is?|:

a) median age of final birth
b) post reproductive life

A

a) 36

b) 30

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7
Q

in killer whales populations what is?|:

a) median age of final birth
b) lifespan

A

a) 48

b) up to 90

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8
Q

list the 2 main hypotheses for menopause in humans

A
  • mother hypothesis

- grandmother hypothesis

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9
Q

what is the mother hypothesis?

A

mother avoids risky reproduction + mortality in later life + ensures survival of existing offspring

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10
Q

explain Lahdenpera et al 2001 example for the mother hypothesis

A

life history data on pre-modern finns + canadians from church records
- evidence suggest that beyond weaning offspring fitness not affected by maternal death likely due to compensation from remaining family members

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11
Q

what is the grand mother hypothesis?

A

kin selection means that post reproductive F gain inclusive indirect fitness by helping existing offspring to reproduce

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12
Q

explain Lahdenpera et al 2004 example for the grand mother hypothesis (3) including what having a grandmother rather than the presence of a mother is associated with? (6)

A
  • life history data on pre-modern finns + canadians
  • no. grandchildren correlated with post reproductive lifespan
  • allows daughter to have more frequent offspring as grandmother helps
    associated with:
    > higher fecundity
    > higher LRS
    > more kids if grandmother local (<20km) rather than dispersed
    > earlier reproduction
    > shorter birth intervals
    > increased survival
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13
Q

which of the 2 hypotheses for menopause is accepted + which is rejected?

A

grandmother> accepted

mother> rejected

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14
Q

is there evidence for a grandfather hypothesis?

A

little/no effect

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15
Q

what did Cant + Johnstone 2008 find to prove why grandmother hypothesis may not provide the complete answer? (3)

A
  • kin selected benefits of helping dont outweigh benefits of continued reproduction
  • suggest menopause also driven/ consequence of reproductive competition between mother + daughters
  • incentive to give up reproduction
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16
Q

how did Lahdenpera et al 2012 support findings that having grandmothers is beneficial to help with offspring?

A
  • no overlap between offspring + grand offspring reproduction
  • higher offspring survival if offspring from 1st gen does not overlap with those from the 2nd gen
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17
Q

what raised the idea that humans are coop breeders?

A

+ve effect of grannies on grand offspring production

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18
Q
  • in humans are siblings helpers?
    regarding a finnish population:
  • are aunties + uncles helpers?
  • are coop breeding wives helpers?
19
Q

what is the effect of siblings on survival to sexual maturity according to Nitsch et al 2013?

Study These Flashcards
A

+ve effect + increase in overall fitness by opposite sex elder siblings but if same sex is -ve effect on number of offspring + decrease in overall fitness

20
Q

which sex has the higher reproductive potential?

Study These Flashcards
A

M- can father more offspring

21
Q

how doe human societies vary/according to what?

Study These Flashcards
A

depend on ecological conditions + cultural influences

22
Q

in a study of 849 societes what % of people were each type of mating system?

Study These Flashcards
A

polyandrous: 0.5%
monogamous: 16%
polygynous: 84%

23
Q

explain the Kashmir + Tibet societies example for polyandry in humans (7)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 2/3 husbands per wife
  • 33% M aged 10-59 in polyandrous marriages
  • 0.7 children per unmarried woman
  • 3.3 children per married woman
  • in buddhists: polyandry when severe constraints on agricultural land + when resources change polyandry abandoned
  • environment + culture determine mating system
  • Kinship in M + M age hierarchy reduce M conflict
24
Q

in Kashmir + Tibet societies:

a) what happens when people move into towns
b) what happens to the 2nd son in buddhist populations

Study These Flashcards
A

a) abandon polyandry to be monogamous

b) may be sent off to monastery to reduce conflict between brothers/co-husbands

25
in what societies is monogamy common in + what does social monogamy not mean?
hunter-gatherer + most western | - doesnt mean genetic monogamy
26
in monogamous populations what is the relationship between testes size vs body size in: chimps, gorillas, humans?
- chimps: large > promiscuous species - gorillas: small > low EPP - humans: low EPP rate historically
27
what is Jokela et al 2010 example of serial monogamy in the US?
studied mean no. kids at age 40-47 in men + women - men have fitness increase with serial monogamy - not as true for women perhaps as they reach menopause
28
what is serial monogamy?
having more than 1 wife/husband within single lifetime
29
for what 2 reasons is monogamy not as common as it seems?
EPP | serial monogamy
30
what can polygyny be equated to and where is it usually common?
resource defence polygyny | - wealthy high resource men
31
what is the Kipsigis society in Kenya example for polygyny? (5)
- if more land owned/resources then more wives in 1267 societies: - 66% have bridewealth payments - more bridewealth in polygynous societies - M need to have resources to pay this + gain wives - 3% have dowry payments
32
- what is bridewealth payment? | - what are dowry payments?
- husbands family pays womens family | - wives pay family
33
what is polygyny like in Baka in Congo?
money used to buy wives
34
in terms of polygyny what does the predominant mating system influence?
financial transition between families at marriage as well as patterns of inheritance
35
what is the political complexity like in human societies?
at broader social level human societies more complex + operate at greater scale than any other organism
36
through Currie 2010 analysis of the rise + fall of political complexity what was used to show what and what was classified? (4)
- language phylogeny to evaluate evolution of language + transition between social states for 84 societies in SE Asia - showed transition between social systems that are defined by political complexity follow predictable pathways with changes in complexity occuring - classified societies into 4 social states: > acephalous > simple chiefdom > complex chiefdom > state
37
what is the acephalous social state?
simplest with individual families living together but without a chief
38
what is the simple chiefdom social state?
individual with authority over the community
39
what is the complex chiefdom social state?
social structure beneath the chief
40
what is the state social state?
complex society with civil service
41
in Currie 2010 analysis of the rise + fall of political complexity what tended to happen with increases or decreases in political complexity?
increases: tend to be in sequential jumps decreases: either sequential jump or bigger drops in social state + can result in social collapse
42
what is menopause likely to have evolved from?
kin selection
43
what are variable human mating systems related to?
cultural + ecological factors
44
to some degree what do social transitions follow?
predictable pathways

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

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