3-reciprocity Flashcards
who first proposed the idea of reciprocity + when?
- what is it?
Trivers 1971
if benefit of altruistic act to receiver greater than cost to donor then if reciprocated in the future, both participants gain
what is the prisoner’s dilemma? (CHECK NOTES)
may gain benefit but not rapy donor in future
in the prisoner’s dilemma when will the player always defect?
when:
temptation to defect (T)> mutual coop (R) > punishment for mutual defection (P)> suckers pay off (S)
when: R > (S + T/2)
in the prisoner’s dilemma what is the pay off if both players defect?
pay off is less than if they both cooperated
- defect is an ESS
can individuals escape the dilemma?
NO: if single/fixed number of encounter- defect always ESS
YES: if repeated/indeterminate encounters (players don’t know when last round of game is)
what is the tit for tat strategy
- coop on first move then do what partner did
- can be ESS if high prob of re-encounter
what is the vampire bat example for tit for tat strategy by Wilkinson 1984? (5)
- kin more likely to swap blood
- unsuccessful foragers fed by successful
- high chance of future interaction
- high benefit to recipient, low cost to donor
- donation reciprocated
what were carter and wilkinson’s 2013 criticisms of the vampire bat findings? (2)
- sharing is kin selected
- sharing with non kin is hassling to get food, mistaken identity
what is the primate grooming and alliance example for reciprocation?
recent grooming by subordinate vervet monkeys increased dominants tolerance of them at food sources
describe each of the 3 phases of predator mobbing in pied flycatchers by Krams 2008
1: pair A presented with stuffed owl, mobbed the owl, pair from group C help mob owl
2: A helps pair C in return instead of new pair B
3: owl at B then pair from C helps B, A doesn’t help B has had not previously had help
- cooperators assisted at high frequency but not to defectors
why is reciprocity considered rare in nature with limited evidence for it?
few examples in natural systems and conflicting views
what are reciprocal interactions rarely?
dyadic
in reciprocity what is developed and what is terminated?
profitable relationships
terminate unproductive ones
what is punished/ what is enforced?
defecation
cooperation
what does current evidence suggest about the importance of reciporcity
not that important except in humans
who discovered the biological market theory and when?
Noe and Hammerstein 1994
what are the 3 components of biological market theory
- holding class: holds access to social commodity
- demanding class: seeks access to social commodity
- trade dynamics: interaction between classes, supply and demand, advertisement
what is the biological mating market for macaques? + who
Gumert 2007
Grooming duration was related to female supply
- 89% of females were groomed and 37% of these led to mating
what has biological market led to the idea of?
that there are different kinds of reciprocity
what are the 3 types of reciprocity?
direct
generalised
indirect
what is generalised reciprocity?
if helped by someone then should be helpful others in return
what is the Norway rats example for generalised reciprocity + who?
Taborsky 2007
- 2 rats in adjacent cages
- 1 treatment encountered coop rats the other encountered no reciprocity
- food lever pulling frequency 21% higher after experiencing help/ cooperative environment
what is indirect reciprocity?
- help someone who is helpful
- reputation of importance
- means others know you are likely to cooperate
what costs does punishment incur to actor and recipient?
some to actor but greater to recipient
