15. Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
(255 cards)
1
Q
true ribs
A
1-7
-joins up individually at the midline, sternum
2
Q
false ribs
A
8-12
- do not join up individually
- cartilages join up before
3
Q
floating ribs
A
11, 12
- caught off at lateral aspect
- protect kidneys
4
Q
thorax
A
- bilateral
- each ribs stems from the thoracic vetebral body
- cartilage between rib and sternum
5
Q
xiphoid process
A
-cartilage
6
Q
lateral curvature of the spinal column
A
scoliosis
7
Q
curvature
A
- lordosis
- kyphosis
- view laterally
- the curvature is not however
8
Q
cervical vertebrae
A
7
9
Q
thoracic vertebrae
A
12
10
Q
lumbar vertebrae
A
5
11
Q
sacrum
A
5 fused vertebrae
-attached to pelvis
12
Q
coccyx
A
tailbone
-4 fused
13
Q
spinal column vertebrae
A
24
14
Q
knee
A
-synovial joint
15
Q
arthroscopic examination of the knee
A
- endoscopic view of joint interior
- test and procedure
16
Q
chiropractic
A
healthcare discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures
-one who specializes in chiropractic
17
Q
orthopedics, orthopaedics
A
-medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
18
Q
orthotist
A
-one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances
19
Q
osteopath
A
-physician who specialize in osteopathy
20
Q
comminuted fracture
A
multiple pieces
-splintered or crushed
21
Q
spiral fracture
A
twisting of the bone
-multiple pieces that stay in tact
22
Q
transverse fracture
A
- cut across the bone
- blunt force trauma
23
Q
greenstick fracture
A
- bent
- didnt break into two
- cracked
- heal quickly
24
Q
compound fracture
A
- out of skin
- disruption to the skin
25
simple fracture
- within the skin
| - skin intact
26
compression fracture
- vertebral fracture
- collapses on itself
- osteoporosis
27
bone head
-rounded end of bone
28
condyle
rouned knuckle like process
29
epicondyle
small rounded process above the condyle
30
trochanters
-large and small processes for tendon attachments
31
tuberosity (tubercle)
small round elevation where tendons and muscles attach
32
fissure
- narrow groove or slit like opening
| - ex. eye socket fissure
33
foramen
- opening for blood vessels and nerves
| - ex. foramen magnum of the skull
34
fossa
- shallow cavity in or on a bone
| - ex. olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus
35
sinus
- hollow cavity within bone
| - sinuses of the skull
36
ethmoid bone
-support nasal cavity and eye sockets
37
frontal bone
-forehead; part of eye socket
38
occiptal bone
back and base of skull
39
parietal bones
top and sides of skull
40
sphenoid bone
-lower sides and back of skull
41
temporal bones
-lower sides and back of skull
42
lacrimal bones
-corners of each eye
43
mandible
-lower jawbone
44
maxillae
upper jawbones
45
nasal bones
bridge and septum of nose
46
vomer
nasal septum
47
zygomatic bones
cheek bone
48
acetabulum
hip socket
49
calcaneus
heel
50
carpals
wrist bones
51
clavicle
collar bone
52
coccyx
tailbone
53
cranium
skull
54
femur
thigh bone
55
fibula
smaller of the two lower leg bones
56
humerus
upper arm bone
57
ilium
upper part of pelvic bone
58
ischium
inferior or lower part of the pelvic bone
59
malleolus
ankle
60
mandible
lower jawbone
61
maxilla
upper jawbone
62
metacarpals
hand bones
63
metatarsals
midfoot bones
64
olecranon
elbow
65
patella
kneecap
66
phalanges
finger and toe bones
67
pubis
anterior part of the pelvic bone
68
radius
forearm bone- thumb side
69
scapula
shoulder blade
70
sternum
breastbone
71
tarsals
hindfoot and midfoot bones
72
tibia
shin bone- large of the two lower leg bones
73
ulna
-forearm bone- little finger side
74
vertebra
backbone/spine
75
acetabulum
-rounded depression, or socket, in pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint
76
acromion
outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
-overlies the shoulder joint and articulate with the clavicle
77
bone
- dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
| - ex. long bone, short bones, flat bones, and sesamoid bones
78
bone depression
- opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
- ex. fissure, foramen, sinus
79
bone process
- enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- ex. bone head, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity
80
calcium
one of the mineral constituents of bone
| -calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones
81
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
82
cartilage
- flexible, connective tissue
| - found in the immature skeleton at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces
83
collagen
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissue
84
compact bone
-hard, dense bone tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues
85
cranial bone
skull bone
| -ex. ethmoid, frontal, occipital, partietal, sphenoid and temporal
86
diaphysis
-shaft, or mid portion of a long bone
87
disk (disc)
- flat, round, plate-like structure
| - an intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous structure between two vertebrae
88
epiphyseal plate
-cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton
89
epiphysis
- each end of a long bone
| - area beyond the epiphyseal plate
90
facial bones
- bones of the face
| - lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, zygomatic
91
fontanelle
-soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
92
foramen magnum
-opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
93
haversian canals
- minute spaces filled with blood vessels
| - found in compact bone
94
ligament
- fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones
| - ligaments are bands, or strands, located in and around joints
95
malleolus
- round process on both sides of the ankle joint
| - the lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia
96
manubrium
- upper portion of the sternum
| - join with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint
97
mastoid process
rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
98
medullary cavity
-central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
99
metaphysis
-flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate
100
olecranon
-large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow
101
orthopedist
-medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
102
osseous tissue
-bone tissue
103
ossification
process of bone formatio
104
osteoblast
-bone cell that helps form bony tissue
105
periosteum
membrane surrounding bones
| -rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
106
phosphorus
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
107
physiatrist
-medical doctor specialist in rehabilitation
108
physi/o
function
109
pubic symphysis
area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis
| -joined by a fibrocartilaginous disk
110
sym-
together
111
-physis
to grow
112
red bone marrow
- found in cancellous bone
| - site of hematopoiesis
113
ribs
- twelve pairs of curved bone that form the chest wall
- true ribs are the first 7 pairs
- false ribs are 8-10
- floating ribs- 11 & 12
114
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
115
sinus
-hollow air cavity within a bone
116
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
117
suture
immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium)
118
temporomandibular joint
-connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
119
tendon
-fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
120
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
121
vertebra
-individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal and spinal cord
122
xiphoid process
-lower, narrow portion of the sternum
123
yellow bone marrow
-fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
124
calc/,calci/o
calcium
125
kyph/o
humpback
126
lamin/o
lamina
| -part of the vertebral arch
127
lord/o
curve, swayback
128
lumb/o
loins
| -lower back
129
myel/o
bone marrow
130
oste/o
bone
131
scoli/o
crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
132
spondyl/o
vertebra
| -used to make words about conditions of the structure
133
vertebr/o
vertebra
| -used to describe the structure itself
134
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
135
-clast
to break
136
-listhesis
slipping
137
-malacia
-softening
138
-physis
to grow
139
-porosis
pore, passage
140
-tome
instrument to cut
141
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
142
calcane/o
calcaneus(heel)
143
carp/o
carpals (wirst bone)
144
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
145
cost/o
ribs
146
crani/o
cranium (skull)
147
femor/o
femur
148
fibul/o
finnula
149
humer/o
humerus
150
ili/o
ilium
151
ischi/o
ischium
152
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
153
mandibul/o
mandible
154
maxill/o
maxilla
155
metacarp/o
metacarpals
156
metatars/o
metatarsals
157
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
158
patell/o
patella
159
pelv/o
pelvis
160
perone/o
fibula
161
phalang/o
phalanges
162
pub/o
pubis
163
radi/o
radius
164
ewing sarcoma
-rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children
165
exostosis
- bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
- osteochondromas
- bunion
166
fracture
-traumatic breaking of a bone
167
osteogenic sarcoma
- osteosarcoma
| - common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents
168
osteomalacia
- softening of bone, with inadequate amount of mineral (calcium in the bone)
- infants and children
- rickets
169
osteomyelitis
- inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
- bacteria enter the body through wound and spread to bone
- abscess can form
170
osteoporosis
- decrease in bone density (mass)
- thinning and weakening of bone
- osteopenia
171
talipes
- congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
- talipes eqinovarus- club foot
- infancy
172
colles fracture
-wrist fracture
173
articular cartilage
-smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
174
articulation
any type of joint
175
ligament
- fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones
| - supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
176
bursa
- sac of fluid near a joint
| - promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
177
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
178
suture joint
-immovable joint, such as between the bone of the skull
179
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint
| -contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
180
synovial fluid
- viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity
| - fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white
181
synovial joint
-freely movable joint
182
synovial membrane
- tissue lining the synovial cavity
| - produces synovial fluid
183
tendon
-fibrous, connective tissue muscles to bones
184
ankyl/o
stiff
185
arthr/o
joint
186
articul/o
joint
187
burs/o
bursa
188
chondr/o
cartilage
189
ligament/o
ligament
190
rheumat/o
watery flow
191
synov/o
synovial membrane
192
ten/o
tendon
193
tendin/o
tendon
194
-desis
to bind, tie together
195
-stenosis
narrowing
196
arthritis
-inflammation of any joint
197
ankylosing spondylitis
-chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of spinal joints, primarily of the spine
198
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
-hyperuricemia
199
osteoarthritis
- progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
- degenerative joint disease
200
rheumatoid arthritis
- chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain
| - caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
201
bunion
-enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)
202
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bone and tendons of the wrist
203
dislocation
-displacement of a bone from its joint
204
ganglion cyst
-fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
205
herniation of an intervertebral disk (disc)
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
-slipped disk
206
lymes disease
- chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise
- cause is bacterium carried by a tick
207
sprain
-trauma to a joint with swelling and injury to ligaments
208
systemic lupus erythematosus
- chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs
- affects connective tissue (collagen) in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over body
- butterfly rash
209
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones
| -bending a limb
210
extension
- increasing the angle between two bones
| - straightening out a limb
211
abduction
-movement away from the midline of the body
212
adduction
-movement towards the midline of the body
213
rotation
- circular movement around an axis (central point)
| - internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body
214
dorsiflexion
- decreasing theangle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling
- this is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal when driving a car
215
plantar flexion
-motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal
216
plant/o
sole of foot
217
supination
act of turning the palm up
| -outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion
218
pronation
act of turning the palm down
| -inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion
219
fascia
-fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
| -
220
insertion of a muscle
- connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
| - usually distal on the skeleton
221
origin of a muscle
- connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
| - usually proximal on the skeleton
222
striated muscle
- muscle connected to bones
| - voluntary or skeletal muscle
223
visceral muscle
- muscle connected to internal organs
| - involuntary or smooth muscle
224
fasci/o
fascia
| -forms sheaths enveloping muscles
225
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
226
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
227
my/o
muscle
228
myocardi/o
heart muscle
229
myos/o
muscle
230
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
231
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
232
-asthenia
lack of stength
233
-trophy
development, nourishment
234
ab-
away from
235
ad-
toward
236
dorsi-
back
237
poly-
many, much
238
muscular dystrophy
- group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
- fat replaces functional muscle cells that have degenerated
239
polymyositis
- chronic inflammatory myopathy
- symmetric muscle weakness and pain
- rash around eyes and face, limbs
240
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
detects and antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disease
241
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-measure time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
242
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis
243
serum calcium (Ca)
measurement of calcium level in serum
- hypercalcemia- disorder of parathyroid gland and malignancy that affects bone metabolism
- hypocalcemia- pt with burns sepsis and acute renal failure
244
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
| -increases with muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and traumatic injury
245
uric acid test
- measurement of uric acid in serum
| - associated with gouty arthritis
246
arthrocentesis
- surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
| - synovial fluid is removed for analysis
247
arthrography
-taking x-ray images after infection of contrast material into a joint
248
arthroplasty
-surgical repair or replacement of a joint
249
arthroscopy
-visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor
250
bone density test (bone densitometry)
-low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
251
bone scan
-uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
252
computed tomography (CT)
x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images
253
electromyography (EMG)
-recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
254
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
-a strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissue
255
muscle biopsy
-removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
