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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 3 The First Two Years: Body and Mind > Flashcards

Chapter 3 The First Two Years: Body and Mind Flashcards

1
Q

birth weight does what at 1 year

A

triples

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2
Q

height at age 2 is typically what of adult height

A

half

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3
Q

newborns sleep hours

A

15-17

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4
Q

12 months sleep hours

A

12-13

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5
Q

sleep specifics vary because of

A

biology, caregiving, and culture

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6
Q

head sparing

A

biological mechanism that protects brain when malnutrition disrupts the body growth, brain is the last part of body to be damaged

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7
Q

early dendrite growth is called

A

transient exuberance

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8
Q

limbic system

A

produce emotions

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9
Q

amygdala

A

register emotions

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10
Q

babies need what or otherwise it stunts brain

A

simtulaiton

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11
Q

well known abusive head trauma in infants

A

shaken baby syndrome

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12
Q

hearing develops during

A

last trimester

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13
Q

least mature sense at birth

A

vision

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14
Q

pain and temp are often connected to

A

touch

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15
Q

gross motor skills

A

large muscles
- torso, back, legs, walk, jump

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16
Q

every basic motor skill develops over the first

A

2 yeats

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17
Q

cephalocaudal

A

we develop skills to do things with the top of our head before leg related
EX: holding head up first

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18
Q

proximodistal

A

we can do things closer to that central core than further away at the outskirts
EX: moving body to roll over before specific movements with hands

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19
Q

fine motor skills

A

small body movements
esp of hands and fingers

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20
Q

fine motor skills is shaped by

A

culture and opportunity

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21
Q

what is one thing that suggests infant brain has inborn readiness to learn

A

gaze following

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22
Q

gaze following

A

infants will naturally look to where someone else looks

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23
Q

2 types of infant memory

A

implicit
explicit

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24
Q

implicit memory

A

memory that is nonverbal
EX: memory for a movement

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25
Q

explicit memory

A

language dependent
EX: when I hear someone say outside I get excited

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26
Q

which memory type is longer to emerge

A

explicit

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27
Q

when are implicit learning strategies learned

A

early in life

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28
Q

schema

A

mental structure that processes information, perceptions, and experiences

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29
Q

assimilation

A

process of making new information part of ones existing schema

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30
Q

accommodation

A

the act of changing our though processes when a new object or idea doesn’t fit our concepts

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31
Q

equilibrium

A

balance between assimilation and accommodation

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32
Q

sensoimotor age

A

0-2

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33
Q

what does it mean that there are 3 circular reactions

A

no beginning or end to learning

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34
Q

circular actions lead to

A

cognitive development

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35
Q

primary circular reactions

A

focused within infants body
EX: sucking thumb is pleasurable

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36
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

outside of body
between baby and someone else

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37
Q

object permanence

A

objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other senses

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38
Q

do we have object permanence before 8 months

A

no

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39
Q

at 18 months we have A not B error which is

A

do not understand movement of objects and will look in original spot

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40
Q

symbolic represenaton

A

language is an example of a symbol which represents something else
EX: baba=bottle

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41
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

begin to take independent actions, experiments which are goal directed
includes wider world information gathering from experiments

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42
Q

how are infants similar in language development

A

they follow the same sequence

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43
Q

who founded the field of cognitive development

A

Piaget

44
Q

Piaget was the first to do what and not just describe the process of development

A

try to explain

45
Q

Piaget may have devoted too little attention to

A

social and cultural influences

46
Q

it is unclear if cognitive development really occurs in

A

discreet stages

47
Q

productive (expressive) language

A

the words produced by an individual

48
Q

receptive language

A

the words that are understood by an individual

49
Q

which type of language is larger throughout our life

A

receptive

50
Q

child directed speech is also called

A

motherese

51
Q

what is motherese

A

high pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants, preference for voices over noises

52
Q

cooing

A

soft vowel sounds

53
Q

babbling

A

extended repeitition of certain syllables, occurs between 6-9 months
EX: ba ba

54
Q

do deaf babies babble

A

yes

55
Q

gestures

A

powerful means of communication such as pointing

56
Q

when do first words happen

A

1 year

57
Q

first words can become

A

holophrases

58
Q

naming explosion

A

once vocab reaches 50 words it builds rapidly

59
Q

number of words from 19 to 21 do what

A

double

60
Q

gramar

A

includes all devices by which words communicate meaning
EX: sequence, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, volulme, pronouns

61
Q

proficiency in grammar correlates with

A

sentence length

62
Q

skinners ideas of language

A

infants need to be taught through positive reinforcement and repetition

63
Q

second theory on language

A

infants communicate because humans have evolved as social beings

64
Q

Chomsky

A

infants teach them selves because it is innate, language acquisition device

65
Q

what contributes to SIDs

A

sleeping position

66
Q

how should babies be positioned

A

on their back

67
Q

immunization occurs in two ways

A

illness or vaccination

68
Q

herd immunity

A

if almost all people in a community are immunized, no one dies of that diease

69
Q

4 pros to breast feeding

A

higher IQ/better academic outcomes
less likely to develop allergies/asthma/obesity
antibodies for childhood ideates
balance of nutrition adjust to age

70
Q

stunting

A

failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

71
Q

wasting

A

tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

72
Q

what measurements reveal if an infant is progressing or not

A

height
weight
head circumference

73
Q

birthweight doubles by

A

4 months

74
Q

birthweight triples by

A

a year

75
Q

norm

A

standard for a particular population

76
Q

growth is often expressed in a

A

percentile

77
Q

if an infants percentile rank falls too low that is

A

failure to thrive

78
Q

infants who rink cows milk and eat solid foods eat more soundly, is that good for the baby

A

not necessarily

79
Q

do infants follow adult sleep pattern

A

no

80
Q

asa, Africa, and latin America follow what sleeping pattern

A

co sleeping

81
Q

co sleeeping

A

same room

82
Q

bed sharing

A

in the bed

83
Q

bed sharing increases the risk of

A

SIDS

84
Q

never to sleep besides an infant if they have been

A

drinking or using drugs

85
Q

head sparing

A

protecting the brain during malnutrition

86
Q

early dendrite growth is called

A

transient exuberance

87
Q

experience expectant growth

A

some basic experiences are needed for the brain to grow

88
Q

experience dependent growth

A

human brains have built in plasticity
- experiences depend on culture

89
Q

expected experiences, do the need to happen for normal maturation to occur?

A

yes

90
Q

dependent experiences ______ happen, because of them one brain differs from the other

A

might

91
Q

all babies cry because what is not developed yet

A

prefrontal cortex

92
Q

shaken baby syndrome does what

A

makes blood vessels in the brain rupture and neural connections break

93
Q

response to screaming crying baby should be

A

comfort

94
Q

binocular vision, can infants do this

A

no, so they use their two eyes independently

95
Q

breast feeding relierves pain by

A

distraction
breast milk is an anesthetic

96
Q

when can babies sit unsupported

A

6 mo

97
Q

language begins when

A

newborns cry

98
Q

by what age to they produce sentences

A

2

99
Q

holophrase

A

single word that expresses an entire thought
EX: dada? Dada! dada.

100
Q

responding to babbling promotes

A

speech later on

101
Q

language learning needs to be reinforced/ taught

A

skinner

102
Q

infants communicate because humans are social beings

A

social impulses foster infant langauge

103
Q

language and learning is genetically programmed

A

infants teach self/chomsky

104
Q

Chomsky believed children are born with what which allows children to derive the rules of grammar quickly

A

langage acquisition device

105
Q

what type of sleeping reduces SIDS

A

back

106
Q

colostrum

A

thick high calorie fluid

107
Q

compared to cow milk, human milk is more

A

sterile, digestable and rich in nutrients

Developmental Psychology (13 decks)

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