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BMS 300- Unit 1 > Lecture 5- Nucleic Acid Structure/DNA Replication > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Nucleic Acid Structure/DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 features/substances does the nucleus contain?

A

-DNA
-Double nuclear membrane that is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
-Nuclear pores which allow selective transport to out to cytoplasm

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2
Q

What substances can pass freely through nuclear membrane? What substances require regulation?

A

-Ions and small molecules pass freely
-Proteins and nucleic acids are regulated

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3
Q

Why is DNA tightly packaged?

A

DNA is much longer than the size of a nucleus. Must be packaged tightly in order to fit

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4
Q

List the DNA organization levels

A

DNA–>Histones–>Nucleosomes–>Chromatin–>Chromosomes

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5
Q

What are the two main features of euchromatin?

A
  1. DNA is loose
  2. DNA is easily accessible
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6
Q

What are the two main features of heterochromatin?

A
  1. DNA is compact
  2. DNA is inaccessible
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7
Q

Who first identified nucleic acids?
How did they know it wasn’t just a protein?

A

-Friedrich Miescher
-It was unaffected by pepsin

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8
Q

Which treatment allowed mice to live vs mice to die?

What did this show?

A

DNAse- mouse lives

Protease- mouse dies

This showed that there was a transformation in the nucleic acids that was affecting mice

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9
Q

What were proteins labeled with in the Hersey-Chase experiment?

What was DNA labeled with?

What did the bacteria show after being labeled?

A

Proteins- labeled with sulfur

DNA- labeled with phosphorus

Bacteria only showed phosphorus, DNA was being infected

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10
Q

What does a nucleoside consist of?

A

Only a base and sugar NO phosphate group

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11
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

Base, sugar, and phosphate group

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12
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

A

Nucleosides lack a phosphate group

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13
Q

What do purines consist of?

A

Adenine and Guanine

Remember Pure Silver (Ag)

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14
Q

What do pyrimidines consist of?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Remember CUT the Pie (py)

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15
Q

What replaces Thymine in RNA?

A

Uracil will bind with Adenine

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16
Q

Where does carbon 1 link to in a sugar?

A

The base

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17
Q

What does carbon 2 help do?

A

Identifies the sugar (DNA or RNA)

H group attached to carbon 2 in DNA

OH group attached to carbon 2 in RNA

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18
Q

What do carbons 3 and 5 form?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone (phosphodiester bond)

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19
Q

How is the phosphodiester bond formed?

A

In nucleotide 1, OH on the carbon 3 will interact with the carbon 5 phosphate of nucleotide 2

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20
Q

What do nucleic acids write from?

A

5’ end to 3’ end

21
Q

Name the bases starting from the 5’ end

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine

5 apple trees grow

22
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases

23
Q

How do strands run in the DNA double helix?

A

Opposite ways
Antiparallel orientation

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds connect Adenine and Thymines?

How many hydrogen bonds connect Cytosine and Guanine?

A

A-T: 2 hydrogens

C-G: 3 hydrogens

25
Q

What must happen for hydrogen bonding to occur between bases?

A

There must be optimal distance. 2 purines will be too small to fit and 2 pyrimidines will be too far apart

Atoms must be able to match up and form hydrogen bonds

26
Q

How many copies of DNA does each cell have?

The entire genetic code is copied faithfully into what?

A

One copy

Two identical daughter cells

27
Q

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

A

Unwinds DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs

28
Q

What is the role of DNA primase in DNA replication?

A

Creates RNA primer

29
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

A

Writes complementary bases from 5’ to 3’

Reads 3’ to 5’

30
Q

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

A

Joins okazaki fragments

31
Q

What are the four players in DNA replication

A

Helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

32
Q

Which strand is continuous?

Which strand is made up of pieces (Okazaki fragments) that must be ligated?

A

Continuous strand- leading

Made up of fragments- lagging

33
Q

What are the steps in the DNA replication process?

A
  1. Helicase unwinds DNA
  2. DNA polymerase reads and matches template strand
  3. Creates two identical DNA double helices
  4. Each new DNA double helix contains 1 original strand and 1 new daughter strand
34
Q

What way can the DNA polymerase ONLY read?

A

3’ to 5’

35
Q

What must happen to DNA before it goes through division?

A

Replication

36
Q

Which way does the leading and lagging strands read?

A

Leading: 3’ to 5’
Lagging: 5’ to 3’

37
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA———–>RNA———->Proteins
Transcription Translation

38
Q

How do nucleotide orientations differ between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA has a hydrogen on the carbon 2 of the deoxyribose sugar

RNA has a hydroxyl group on the carbon 2 of the ribose sugar

39
Q

What bases are common to DNA and RNA? What bases differ?

A

Common- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

DNA- Thymine VS RNA- Uracil (no methyl group)

40
Q

How are nucleotides connected to form DNA and RNA?

A

Through the phosphodiester bonds

41
Q

When is DNA replication used?

A

Just bfore the cell divides

42
Q

Why is there a leading and lagging strand?

A

Can only read the strand in one direction and synthesize in the opposite direction

43
Q

In eukaryotic cells, enzymes that form phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides function in the:

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytosol
More than one answer is correct

A

Nucleus

44
Q

Deoxyribonucleoside contains all of the following except:

Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
None of the above

A

Phosphate group

45
Q

During DNA replication, helicase is needed to unwind the double helix and pull apart the two strands of DNA. Helicase functions by breaking the:

-Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
-Phosphodiester bonds between 5 carbon sugars
-Hydrogen bonds between nucleosides
-Covalent bonds between nitrogenous bases

A

Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

46
Q

The presence of the OH group in ____ carbon makes RNA less stable than DNA

1
2
3
4

A

2

47
Q

Is RNA or DNA more stable?

A

DNA

48
Q

In what form can DNA be read?

Euchromatin
Chromosome
Heterochromatin
Histone

A

Euchromatin

49
Q

What type of bond would occur between the codon and anticodon?

Hydrogen
Ester
Peptide
Phosphodiester

A

Hydrogen

Hydrogen bonds break during helicase of codons and anticodons

BMS 300- Unit 1 (12 decks)

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