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bms 300- unit 1 > Lecture 12- Skeletal System Pt 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 12- Skeletal System Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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2
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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2
Q

What regions does the axial skeleton contain?

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

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3
Q

Which skeleton division contains the upper and lower limb bones and the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles?

A

Appendicular

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4
Q

What are the 6 shape classifications of bones?

A

Flat
Long
Sesamoid
Irregular
Short
Sultural

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5
Q

Is trabecular bone or compact bone more porous?

A

Trabecular bone

50-90% porous

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6
Q

Is the adult skeleton made up of more trabecular bone or compact bone?

A

Compact bone

80% of adult skeleton is compact bones

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7
Q

What is the main function of flat bone and how does it achieve this?

A

Protection

Compact bone, spongey bone, compact bone sandwich=protection from inner layer of bone

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8
Q

What are the ends of long bones called?

A

Epiphysis

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9
Q

______ is the tubular shaft of the long bone which runs between the proximal and distal epiphysis

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

Where is red bone marrow located in the long bones?

A

Epiphysis

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11
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow found in the long bones?

A

Diaphysis

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12
Q

Where do RBC and WBC form?

A

Epiphysis where the red bone marrow is found

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13
Q

Where is adipose tissue located?

A

Diaphysis where the yellow bone marrow is found

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14
Q

_____ connects each epiphysis to the diaphysis

A

Metaphysis

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15
Q

Metaphysis contains epiphyseal plates in children. What are they called in adults?

A

Epiphyseal line

No longer cartilage, is now bone

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16
Q

The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an _____

A

Osteon

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17
Q

Each osteon contains concentric rings of calcified matrix called ______

A

Lamellae

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18
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

What are the spaces called?

A

Lacunae

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19
Q

What connects with lacunae to permit nutrient transport, waster removal, and communication between osteocytes?

A

Canaliculi

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20
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The outer sheath that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

Does the periosteum or endosteum contain osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and skeletal stem cells?

A

Periosteum

Perry the platypus blasts Dr. Doofenshmirtz

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22
Q

Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the ________

A

Periosteum

23
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The membrane that lines the medullary cavity

24
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

The endosteum

25
Q

True or false: Trabeculae in the spongy bones have a random arrangement

A

False!

Forms along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone

26
Q

Where are lacunae and osteocytes found in SPONGY bone?

A

Lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae

27
Q

Why is spongy bone important in regards to energy use?

A

Makes bones lighter so muscles can move easier with less energy consumption

28
Q

What are bone stem cells called? What can they differentiate into?

A

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

29
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts?

A

Forms the bone matrix

30
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

Maintains bone tissue

31
Q

How do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts secrete collagen matrix/calcium salts. As the secreted matrix around the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast becomes trapped within it and becomes an osteocyte

32
Q

_____ originate from monocytes and macrophages which are two types of white blood cells

A

Osteoclasts

33
Q

______ break down old bone while _____ are continually building new bone

A

Osteoclasts- break
Osteoblasts- build

OsteoBlasts=Build

34
Q

What bone shape is intramembranous ossification involved with?

A

Flat bone

35
Q

What bone shape is endochondral ossification involved with?

A

Long bone

36
Q

What do mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton differentiate into?

A

Capillaries and osteogenic cells which become osteoblasts

37
Q

Early osteoblasts appear in a cluster called an _____ _____

A

Ossification center

38
Q

Osteoblasts secrete ____ which is unclassified but eventually calcifies trapping the osteoblasts within it

A

Osteoid

39
Q

Why is bone formation/intramembranous ossification a repeating process?

A

Osteogenic cells surround CT differentiate into osteoblasts which eventually calcify and become osteocytes

40
Q

What forms when blood capillaries interrupt bone formation from osteoid?

A

Trabecular matrix (spongy bone)

41
Q

After the trabecular matrix forms, osteoblasts on the surface become the ________

A

Periosteum

42
Q

What does the periosteum create superficial to the trabecular (spongy) bone

A

Protective layer of compact bone

43
Q

Overall what are the steps in intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate in capillaries and osteogenic cells which form osteoblasts
  2. Osteoblasts clusters are called an ossification center where osteoid are secreted
  3. Osteoid calcifies and entraps osteoblasts within it
  4. Osteoblasts become osteocytes
  5. Osteogenic cells surrounding CT differentiate into new osteoblasts
  6. Blood capillaries interrupt bone formation and create a trabecular matrix
  7. Osteoblasts on surface of spongy bone become the periosteum
  8. Periosteum creates protective layer of compact bone sandwich
  9. Trabecular bone marrow crowd nearby blood vessels which condense into red marrow
44
Q

Trabecular bone crowds nearby blood vessels, eventually condensing into ____ ________

A

Red marrow

45
Q

In endochondral ossification what do some of the mesenchymal cells differentiate into in long bone?

A

Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

46
Q

What is the membrane that covers the cartilage called?

A

Perichondrium

47
Q

As more matrix is produced the chondrocytes _____ and ______

A

Grows and calcifies

48
Q

Due to calcification of the matrix, nutrients can no longer reach the chondrocytes, resulting in ____ of surrounding _____

A

Death of surrounding cartilage

49
Q

When blood vessels invade the spaces, what type of cells are carried with them which will eventually become osteoblasts?

A

Osteogenic cells

50
Q

The enlarging spaces from blood vessel invasion combine to eventually become the ______ ______

A

Medullary cavity

51
Q

What does the cartilaginous perichondrium transform into?

A

Periosteum (bone)

52
Q

How do bones increase in length but not width?

A

Chondrocytes and cartilage continue to grow at the epiphysis ends which increases bone length

Bone replaces cartilage in the diaphysis middle which stops continuous growth

53
Q

True or false: Secondary ossification is the same steps as endochondral ossification

A

True

Matrix mineralizes, chondrocytes die, blood vessels invade, osteogenic cells form osteoblasts

54
Q

By the time the fetal skeleton is fully formed, where does cartilage remain?

A

Between the diaphysis and epiphysis as articular cartilage

55
Q

Overall what are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells become chondrocytes
  2. Chondrocytes form matrix in hyaline cartilage
  3. Calcification of matrix leads to cell death
  4. Blood vessels invade cavity and carry osteogenic cells
  5. Bone develops
56
Q

Overall what are the steps of intermembranous ossification?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts
  2. Osteoblasts gather in ossification center
  3. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and calcium
  4. Calcified matrix traps osteoblasts which turn into osteocytes
  5. The presence of blood capillaries causes bone to form as trabeculae (spongy) bone in the middle
  6. On the surface bone tissue forms compact bone

bms 300- unit 1 (12 decks)

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