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LIFESCI 7C > Homeostasis, Endocrine System, and Human Reproductive Cycles > Flashcards

Homeostasis, Endocrine System, and Human Reproductive Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

The extracellular component of G-protein coupled receptors is a ____.

A

ligand-binding site

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2
Q

The intracellular component of G-protein coupled receptors is a ____.

A

portion that binds to G protein

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3
Q

What happens when a G protein-coupled receptor is activated?

A

it associates with a G protein

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4
Q

G protein-coupled receptors are able to transmit signals from ____ the cell –> ____ the cell.

A

outside –> inside

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5
Q

G protein-coupled receptors initiate a long-term/short-term response.

A

short-term

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6
Q

What are the four steps in the G protein-coupled receptor pathway?

A
  1. receptor activation
  2. signal amplification
  3. cellular response
  4. signal termination
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7
Q

When the G protein is inactive, it is bound to ____

A

GDP

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8
Q

When the G protein is active, it is bound to ____

A

GTP
releases GDP to bind GTP

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9
Q

What subunit of the G protein binds to GTP?

A

alpha subunit

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10
Q

What steps occur during signal amplification of the adrenaline pathway (after receptor activation)?

A
  1. GTP-bound subunit binds to enzyme adenylyl cyclase
  2. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
  3. cAMP binds to and activates protein kinase A
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11
Q

What is a second messenger?

A

a signaling molecule that relays info to the next target in the signal transduction pathway

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12
Q

True or False:
A G protein-coupled pathway can only be terminated at the receptor.

A

False
can be terminated at either the receptor or G protein

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13
Q

How is the G protein signal terminated at the receptor?

A

binding affinity of signaling molecule decreases, which leads to it dissociating from the receptor

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14
Q

How is the G protein signal terminated at the G protein?

A

active GTP bound subunit turns itself off by converting GTP –> GDP

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15
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the active regulation and maintenance of a stable internal physiological state in the face of a changing external environment

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16
Q

What are the four components of a negative feedback loop?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensor
  3. effector
  4. response
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17
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

a process in which the output or produce of a pathway opposes the initial stimulus so that homeostasis is maintained

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18
Q

What is the set point in a feedback loop?

A

a steady-state value in homeostatic regulation
i.e. temperature, levels of a chemical

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19
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger that regulates the organism’s physiological response to the enviornment and helps maintain stable physiological conditions

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20
Q

What are neurosecretory cells?

A

neurons in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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21
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

hormones released by neurosecretory cells

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22
Q

What hormone is secreted in a negative feedback loop in which high blood glucose is the stimulus?

A

insulin

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23
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

body cells take up glucose and store it as glycogen

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24
Q

What hormone is secreted in a negative feedback loop in which low blood glucose is the stimulus?

A

glucagon

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25
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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26
Q

What is the sensor in blood glucose loops?

A

pancreas

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27
Q

What are the effectors in blood glucose loops?

A
  • insulin/glucagon
  • body cells
  • muscle and liver
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28
Q

What is a stimulus in a negative feedback loop?

A

a change in level from homeostatic set point

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29
Q

What is the sensor in a negative feedback loop?

A

endocrine organ that detects a stimuli and initiates release of a signaling molecule

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30
Q

What is the effector in a negative feedback loop?

A

a hormone/other bodily component that acts to exhibit a response

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31
Q

What is the response in a negative feedback loop?

A

a response that opposes the initial stimulus and returns the body back to set point

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32
Q

What happens in a positive feedback loop?

A

a stimulus causes a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus

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33
Q

How does a positive feedback loop work?

A

more hormone is released, which escalates the response

34
Q

Where are the receptors of hydrophilic hormones located?

A

cell surface

35
Q

Where are the receptors of hydrophobic hormones located?

A

inside the cell

36
Q

What is the structure of peptide hormones?

A

short chain of amino acids

37
Q

What is the structure of amine hormones?

A

single aromatic amino acid

38
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

the central regulating gland of the endocrine system that releases hormones to coordinate the action of the other endocrine organs

39
Q

How does the anterior pituitary gland communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus secrete hormones into blood vessels that travel to the anterior pituitary

40
Q

How does the posterior pituitary gland communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

communicates without the release of hormones
neurosecretory cells extend axons into the posterior pituitary

41
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that control the release of other hormones

42
Q

What is the difference between hormones and paracrine signals?

A

hormones enter circulation and target distant cells
paracrine signals bind to receptors and target local cells

43
Q

What are pheromones?

A

water or airborne chemical compounds released by animals into the environment that signals and influences the behavior of other members of their spaces

44
Q

What are the gonads of the male reproductive system?

A

testes

45
Q

What gamete is produced in the male reproductive system?

A

sperm

46
Q

What sex hormones are involved in the male reproductive system?

A

testosterone and estrogen

47
Q

What are the target cells of the sex hormones in the male reproductive system?

A

Leydig cells and Sertoli cells

48
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

secrete testosterone and estrogen

49
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

stimulate sperm production

50
Q

How are gametes released in the male reproductive system?

A

ejaculation

51
Q

What are the gonads in the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries

52
Q

What gametes are produced in the female reproductive system?

A

oocytes

53
Q

What sex hormones are involved in the female reproductive system?

A

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

54
Q

What are the target cells of sex hormones in the female reproductive system?

A

granulosa cells, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary

55
Q

How are gametes released in the female reproductive system?

A

menstrual cycle (ovulation)

56
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH

57
Q

How do GnRH levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular ↑
ovulation ↓
luteal ↓

58
Q

How do FSH levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular ↓
ovulation ↑
luteal ↓

59
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion

60
Q

What does LH do?

A

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone

61
Q

How do LH levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular ↓
ovulation ↑↑↑
luteal ↓

62
Q

What does estradiol do?

A

acts on oocytes to begin to mature each month; causes the uterine lining to thicken

63
Q

How do estradiol levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular ↓
ovulation ↑
luteal ↓

64
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

helps maintain the thickened uterine lining in preparation for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg

65
Q

How do progesterone levels change during the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular ↓
ovulation ↓
luteal ↑

66
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

stimulates the production of follicles on the ovary to mature into an egg

67
Q

What happens during the ovulation phase?

A

a mature egg is released from the ovary

68
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A

the uterus prepares for pregnancy by causing the uterine lining to thicken

69
Q

What happens during the menstruation phase?

A

the uterine lining sheds

70
Q

True or False:
In certain situations, the body is able to change its set point.

A

True

71
Q

How is the set point changed when you have a fever?

A

pyrogens sense that your body is colder than it really is, so it sends a message to your brain to increase the set point, leading to you feeling hotter than normal

72
Q

When you are developing a fever and your body temperature set point increases, you may feel…

A

feel cold and shiver

73
Q

When your body is recovering from a fever, blood vessels in the skin dilate/constrict to release/retain heat.

As a result, your skin appears ____.

A

dilate; release
flushed

74
Q

When calcium levels are too high, the thyroid gland increases/decreases production of calcitonin.

A

increases

75
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

deposits more calcium in the bone

76
Q

When blood calcium levels decline:
Thyroid gland produces ____ to increase/decrease bone calcium levels.

A

calcitonin; increase

77
Q

When blood calcium levels rise:
Parathyroid gland produces ____ to increase/decrease bone calcium levels.

A

PTH; decrease

78
Q

How are T3 and T4 produced?

A

thyroid takes in dietary iodide, which reacts with thyroglobulin to produce T3 and T4

79
Q

How do enlarged thyroids occur?

A

accumulation of thyroglobulin due to no dietary iodide intake, which prevents thyroglobulin from synthesizing to T3 and T4

80
Q

Feedback inhibition of GnRH ____ follicular development.

A

inhibits

81
Q
A

LIFESCI 7C (8 decks)

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