Exam 3- Alterations Of Leukocte, Lymphoid, And Hemostatuc Function

Question 1

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 1

Enlarged lymph nodes.

When localized, indicates drainage from areas of information.

When generalized, indicates a malignant or non-malignant disease.

Question 2

Neutropenia

Answer 2

Lower than normal neutrophil count in the blood.

Question 3

Pancytopenia

Answer 3

Lower than normal blood counts of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Question 4

Leukocytosis

Answer 4

Higher than normal white blood cell count.

Question 5

Leukopenia

Answer 5

Lower than normal white blood cell count.

Causes increased risk for infection.

Question 6

Granulocytosis

Answer 6

Higher than normal blood counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Question 7

Agranulocytosis

Answer 7

Complete absence of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils in the blood.

Question 8

Eosinophilia

Answer 8

And increased number of eosinophils in the blood.

The most common causes are parasites, toxic foreign particles, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 9

Monocytosis

Answer 9

And increased number of monocytes.

Occurs during the late phase of inflammation

Question 10

Neutrophilia

Answer 10

And increase number of neutrophils in the blood.

Occurs during the early phase of information.

Question 11

Leukemia

Answer 11

Cancers of blood-forming clots

All types are characterized by uncontrolled production of white blood cells in the bone marrow that fair by decreases the amount and function of erythrocytes and platelets.

Question 12

Lymphoblastic

Answer 12

Used to describe a leukemia or lymphoma, and means that the malignant cells are immature.

Question 13

Thrombocythemia

Answer 13

a rare chronic blood disorder characterised by the overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Increases the risk for clotting.

Question 14

HIT

Answer 14

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia.

When a person develops HIT antibodies, they react with the PF4- heparin complex. The FC end of the antibodies bind to platelets FC receptors, activating the platelets, which release substances that promote clotting. This causes thrombocytopenia by using up platelets to form microclots, extension of previous clots, and new clots.

Question 15

Platelet factor 4 (PF4)

Answer 15

And activated platelet. Binds to heparin.

Question 16

Lymph Oma

Answer 16

Cancers of lymphatic tissues.

Question 17

Lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 17

Arises from the lymphoid cell line that normally produces B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.

Question 18

Myelogenous leukemia

Answer 18

Arises from the myeloid cell line that normally produces granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.

Question 19

Splenomegaly

Answer 19

Enlargement of the spleen.

Can be secondary to infection and increase the risk for spleen rupture from blunt trauma.

Question 20

Hypersplenism

Answer 20

Over activity of the spleen in response to splenomegaly.

Question 21

Arterial thrombi

Answer 21

Composed primarily of platelet aggregates held together by strands of fibrin.

Question 22

Venus thrombosis

Answer 22

Composed primarily of erythrocytes, greater amounts of fibrin, and fewer platelets.

Question 23

Antiphospholipid antibody

Answer 23

Auto antibody against plasma membrane components that causes hypercoagulability by binding to platelets and endothelial cells.

Question 24

M protein

Answer 24

Abnormal antibody released by malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma.

Question 25

Factor V Leiden

Answer 25

Genetic mutation that causes hypercoagulability by allowing activated clotting factor Va to remain longer in the bloods

Question 26

BCR-ABL1 variant oncoprotein

Answer 26

Mutant tyrosine kinase that derives cell proliferation and survival in some types of leukemia.

Question 27

Philadelphia

Answer 27

Genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that creates a mutant Pro Tien implicated in CM Al and other types of leukemia.

Question 28

Infectious mononucleosis

Answer 28

An acute infection of B lymphocytes commonly caused by Epstein bar virus.

Symptoms: pharyngitis, fever, and cervical lymphadenopathy.

Question 29

Burkett Lymphoma

Answer 29

A rapidly growing be lymphocyte tumor in the jar and facial bones of children in Africa. Associated with Epstein-Barr virus.

Question 30

AML

Answer 30

Acute myelogenous leukemia

Causes anemia by crowding out the cells that normally make red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Bone marrow depression causes lack of erythrocytes (causing fatigue and anemia), lack of leukocytes (causing fever and infection), and lack of platelets (causing bleeding).

Question 31

CLL

Answer 31

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Question 32

Multiple myeloma

Answer 32

Malignant plasma cells. Instead of secreting antibodies, the malignant plasma cells secrete entirely too much of one kind of antibody.

Malignant plasma cells release the abnormal antibody M protein.

Characterized by hypercalcemia and bone lesions because the malignant cells reside in the bone marrow and not in the circulating blood.

Bence Jones proteins can be found in the urine. Presence helps establish a diagnosis.

Question 33

Clinal disorders

Answer 33

Indicates that leukemias are considered to be the product of a mutated progenitor cell that replicate it self uncontrollably.

Question 34

Bence Jones proteins

Answer 34

Pieces of antibodies that are excreted in the urine in multiple myeloma. They help diagnose multiple myeloma because they can damage the kidneys.

Question 35

ALL

Answer 35

Leukemia cells in the bone marrow crowd out the normal cells that make red blood cells, so the bone marrow is unable to make enough red blood cells.

Bone marrow depression causes lack of erythrocytes (causing fatigue and anemia), lack of leukocytes (causing fever and infection), and lack of platelets (causing bleeding).

Question 36

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 36

Immune cells gather in large numbers numbers in lymph nodes which make them swell dramatically. Lymph nodes are nontender because the immune cells are not activated, and they don’t release the inflammatory chemicals that cause pain.

Reed-Sternber cells characteristic on biopsy.

Question 37

CML

Answer 37

Chronic myelogenous lymphoma.

White blood cells are well differentiated, but they do not function well.

Question 38

DIC

Answer 38

Disseminated intravascular coagulation. The blood makes so many little clots that it uses up most of the clotting factors.

Involves insufficient activity of activated protein C, which is an endogenous anticoagulant.

Widespread exposure of pre-existing at tissue factor to the blood plus increase expression of tissue factor caused by pro inflammatory cytokines. Did you factor activate the clotting cascade through the extrinsic pathway, causing widespread clotting.

Increased risk for multi system organ dysfunction because of in adequate tissue perfusion and ischemia.

Question 39

ITP

Answer 39

Immune thrombocytic Purpera

The immune system starts destroying platelets. Not enough platelets to clot, and characterized by purple spots on the skin or blood has eased into the tissue.

Question 40

Von Willebrand disease

Answer 40

A coagulation disorder

Question 41

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

Answer 41

The body makes enough platelets but the immune system attacks them, so they have a shorter survival time.

Question 42

Protein C

Answer 42

And endogenous anticoagulant.