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NURS611 Advanced Pathophysiology - AB > Exam 2- Alterations Of Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

Exam 2- Alterations Of Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

A

Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal Control mechanisms.

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2
Q

Interior pituitary adenoma

A

Usually causes hypersecretion of hormones from the adenoma it’s self and hyposecretion of hormones from the surrounding pituitary cells.

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3
Q

Increased risk for type two diabetes later in life.

A type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy in women who don’t already have diabetes. It’s diagnosed with a blood sugar test during pregnancy. In most cases, there are no symptoms, but when symptoms do occur, they include:
Excessive thirst or urination
Fatigue
Weight loss
Blurred vision

A

Gestational diabetes

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4
Q

In type one diabetes. Higher blood glucose in the early morning then in the middle of the night.

A

Dawn phenomenon

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5
Q

A condition that causes severe physical and mental retardation due to an untreated deficiency of thyroid hormones. It’s also known as congenital hypothyroidism

A

Cretinism

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6
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Increased risk for type two diabetes later in life.

A type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy in women who don’t already have diabetes. It’s diagnosed with a blood sugar test during pregnancy. In most cases, there are no symptoms, but when symptoms do occur, they include:
Excessive thirst or urination
Fatigue
Weight loss
Blurred vision

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7
Q

A deficit in insulin and amylin, and a relative excess of glucagon.

Patients have severe insolent efficiency, and they have excessive that break down and make Kito asses faster than the body can remove them.

Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss, hyperglycemia, glycosuria.

A

Type I DM

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8
Q

Refers to destruction of capillaries in diabetes.

A

Microvascular disease

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9
Q

Dawn phenomenon

A

In type one diabetes. Higher blood glucose in the early morning then in the middle of the night.

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10
Q

Characterized by facial flash, moon face, purple straight guy, pendulous abdomen, easy bruising, supraclavicular fat pad, hyperpigmentation, trunk obesity, then extremities.

Caused by hypersecretion of ACTH. Causes a lipolysis and altered fat distribution.

ACTH excess causes hyperpigmentation because excessive MSH is formed as an alternate cleavage product of the same hormone precursor. MSH stimulates production of melatonin, a skin pigment.

A

Cushing disease

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11
Q

Is it a target organ problem?

Caused by a problem in the gland that secretes the hormone who’s action is directed toward other tissues rather than to another gland.

A primary endocrine disorder occurs when one endocrine gland stops working correctly. A secondary endocrine disorder occurs when a master gland (such as the pituitary gland) that regulates other glands stops working.

A

Primary endocrine disorder

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12
Q

Is it a control organ problem? (Pituitary or hypothalamus secreting too much or too little stimulating hormone?)

Caused by a problem with the gland that secretes the hormone who’s target tissues are another gland that it stimulates or suppresses.

A

Secondary endocrine disorder

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13
Q

Occurs with hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults.

Symptoms: enlarged jaw, forhead, tongue, hands, and feet.

A

Acromegaly

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14
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A

Thyrotoxicosis is a clinical state of inappropriately high levels of circulating thyroid hormones (T3 and/or T4) in the body from any cause[7]. It is often incorrectly used interchangeably with hyperthyroidism, which is a form of thyrotoxicosis caused by excessive endogenous thyroid hormone production.

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15
Q

Effects of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone, with increased fever, extreme tachycardia, and potential death from heart failure or cardiac dysrhythmias.

A

Thyrotoxic crisis

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16
Q

Caused by a problem in the hypothalamus of posterior pituitary that decreases ADH release.

(CDI) is a rare condition that affects water homeostasis. It’s caused by a deficiency in arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). AVP is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland until needed.

A

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus.

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17
Q

Cretinism

A

Cretinism is a condition that causes severe physical and mental retardation due to an untreated deficiency of thyroid hormones. It’s also known as congenital hypothyroidism

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18
Q

Autoimmune diabetes

A

Also called type 1A diabetes.

T1DM is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, after an inflammatory process leads to a chronic deficiency of insulin in genetically susceptible individuals. Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

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19
Q

Caused by a problem in the kidney itself that causes insensitivity to ADH.

(NDI) is a kidney condition that causes the body to produce too much urine. It’s a rare form of diabetes insipidus, which occurs when the kidneys don’t respond properly to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In NDI, the kidneys don’t respond to arginine vasopressin (AVP), a hormone that helps the body balance water.

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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20
Q

Usually causes hypersecretion of hormones from the adenoma it’s self and hyposecretion of hormones from the surrounding pituitary cells

A

Interior pituitary adenoma

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21
Q

Also called type 1A diabetes.

T1DM is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, after an inflammatory process leads to a chronic deficiency of insulin in genetically susceptible individuals. Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

A

Autoimmune diabetes

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22
Q

Type I DM

A

A deficit in insulin and amylin, and a relative excess of glucagon.

Patients have severe insolent efficiency, and they have excessive that break down and make Kito asses faster than the body can remove them.

Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss, hyperglycemia, glycosuria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Microvascular disease

A

Refers to destruction of capillaries in diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cushing disease

A

Characterized by facial flash, moon face, purple straight guy, pendulous abdomen, easy bruising, supraclavicular fat pad, hyperpigmentation, trunk obesity, then extremities.

Caused by hypersecretion of ACTH. Causes a lipolysis and altered fat distribution.

ACTH excess causes hyperpigmentation because excessive MSH is formed as an alternate cleavage product of the same hormone precursor. MSH stimulates production of melatonin, a skin pigment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Primary endocrine disorder

A

Is it a target organ problem?

Caused by a problem in the gland that secretes the hormone who’s action is directed toward other tissues rather than to another gland.

A primary endocrine disorder occurs when one endocrine gland stops working correctly. A secondary endocrine disorder occurs when a master gland (such as the pituitary gland) that regulates other glands stops working.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Secondary endocrine disorder

A

Is it a control organ problem? (Pituitary or hypothalamus secreting too much or too little stimulating hormone?)

Caused by a problem with the gland that secretes the hormone who’s target tissues are another gland that it stimulates or suppresses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a clinical state of inappropriately high levels of circulating thyroid hormones (T3 and/or T4) in the body from any cause[7]. It is often incorrectly used interchangeably with hyperthyroidism, which is a form of thyrotoxicosis caused by excessive endogenous thyroid hormone production.

A

Thyrotoxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Thyrotoxic crisis

A

Effects of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone, with increased fever, extreme tachycardia, and potential death from heart failure or cardiac dysrhythmias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Caused by a problem in the hypothalamus of posterior pituitary that decreases ADH release.

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a rare condition that affects water homeostasis. It’s caused by a deficiency in arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). AVP is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland until needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Caused by a problem in the kidney itself that causes insensitivity to ADH.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a kidney condition that causes the body to produce too much urine. It’s a rare form of diabetes insipidus, which occurs when the kidneys don’t respond properly to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In NDI, the kidneys don’t respond to arginine vasopressin (AVP), a hormone that helps the body balance water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Acromegaly

A

Occurs with hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults.

Symptoms: enlarged jaw, forhead, tongue, hands, and feet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Giantism

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents whose epiphyseal plates have not yet closed, so these long bones are able to grow.

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33
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents whose epiphyseal plates have not yet closed, so these long bones are able to grow.

A

Giantism

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34
Q

Too much ADH from the posterior pituitary. Not diuresing

Symptoms: lethargy, hyponatremia, perhaps seizure, decreased plasma osmolality, concentrated urine.

A

SIADH

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35
Q

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid, is when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormones to meet your body’s needs.

Symptoms: lethargy, Cold intolerance, hoarseness, non-pitting boggy edema around the eyes, coarse hair, decreased body temperature.

A

Hypothyroidism

36
Q

Hyper function of the adrenal Medela. A constant firing of catecholamines, so a constant fight or flight response.

Tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

Symptoms: hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headache, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, weight loss, constipation.

A

Pheochromocytoma

37
Q

Viralization: lack of breast development, hirsutism, increased muscle bulkn of androgens in women

A

Adrenal adenoma causing hypersecretio

38
Q

A life-threatening complication of diabetes that can occur within 24 to 48 hours. DKA develops when the body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into cells for energy. Instead, the liver breaks down fat for fuel, which produces acids called ketones. When too many ketones are produced too fast, they can build up to dangerous levels in the body.

Symptoms: polyuria, decreased level of consciousness, who small breathing, acetone smelt of breath, hyperglycemia, decreased blood pH, Ketonuria, glycosuria.

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

39
Q

A condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body’s main energy source.

Needs immediate treatment. For many people, a fasting blood sugar of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L),

Symptoms: tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremor, pallor, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, perhaps seizure.

A

Hypoglycemia

40
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism, also known as Conn’s syndrome, is a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate salt and potassium levels in the blood. Too much aldosterone can lead to high blood pressure.

Symptoms: hypertension, hypokalemia, increased blood pH, increased urine potassium.

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

41
Q

Not enough ADH. Kidneys make a lot of dilute urine.

Can be neurogenic or nephrogenic in nature.

Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, hypernatremia, increased plasma osmolality, large volume of dilute urine.

A

Diabetes insipidus

42
Q

Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal Control mechanisms.

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

43
Q

A primary adrenal insufficiency.

Adrenal gland doesn’t make enough cortisol and aldosterone, two hormones that normally help maintain circulatory volume. Side effects are lightheadedness.

Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, hypotension, anorexia, hyperkalemia, bronze pigmentation, hypoglycemia, elevated ACTH.

A

Addison disease

44
Q

A long-term condition that occurs when the body doesn’t use insulin
properly. This results in unusual blood sugar levels.

Patients make little insulin, which goes to the liver and decreases the formation of ketoacidosis.

A

Type II DM

45
Q

SIADH

A

Too much ADH from the posterior pituitary. Not diuresing

Symptoms: lethargy, hyponatremia, perhaps seizure, decreased plasma osmolality, concentrated urine.

46
Q

Excessive water intake that decreases plasma osmolality by overwhelming to ADH mechanisms.

Primary polydipsia. People who have this disorder constantly feel thirsty and drink lots of fluids. It can be caused by damage to the thirst-regulating mechanism in the hypothalamus. It also has been linked to mental illness, such as schizophrenia.

A

Dispogenic diabetes insipidus

47
Q

A rare condition that occurs when the pituitary gland stops producing most or all of its hormones.

When necrosis or another problem in the anterior pituitary causes deficiency of all its hormones.

A

Panhypopituitarism

48
Q

A tumor of the pituitary gland that isn’t cancer but can cause vision problems, infertility and other health issues.

Occur in women. Prolactin secreting tumor’s and the interior pituitary. They cause galactorrhea (milk production not associated with childbirth.)

A

Prolactinomas

49
Q

A condition in persons with long-standing diabetes who may develop hypoglycemia without the usual sympathetic nervous system manifestations.

A

Hypoglycemia unawareness

50
Q

Another term for severely advanced hypothyroidism. It’s a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone.

Non-pitting boggy edema associated with hypothyroidism.

A

Myxedema

51
Q

Decreased level of consciousness associated with severe hypothyroidism.

A

Myxedema coma

52
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland. A response to increase stimulation by TSH.

A

Goiter

53
Q

Parathyroid makes too much PTH. Takes calcium out of the bones. Makes bones weak.

Predisposed to kidney stones.

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

54
Q

Used for any condition involving chronic exposure to excessive cortisol.

Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. maintain blood pressure.

A

Cushing syndrome

55
Q

Delayed gastric emptying, is a condition that occurs when food stays in the stomach longer than it should. It’s caused by paralysis of the stomach muscles, which is often due to nerve damage, most commonly from diabetes.

Due to autonomic neuropathy. A micro vascular problem.

A

Gastroparesis

56
Q

Microvascular disease and hyperglycemia cause it’s beginning of retinal capillary basement membranes, vein dilation, microaneurysm formation, and hemorrhages. Progressive retinal ischemia causes and farts. Eventually, new blood vessels in fibrous tissues form within the retina or optic.

A

Diabetic retinopathy

57
Q

Kidney damage caused by diabetes. It’s a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
.
Kidney damage from diabetes. First manifest as microalbumineria

A

Diabetic nephropathy

58
Q

Hyperthyroidism. Involves antibodies against TSH receptor is called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. BTS eyes stimulate TSH receptor’s on the thyrocytes, causing the thyroid it to secrete excess T3 and T4.

Weight-loss with increased appetite. Increased body temperature and tachycardia. Increases metabolic rate.

A

Graves disease

59
Q

Associated with graves disease. Fibroblast located behind I have TSH receptor’s. Stimulation of these receptors by the TSI auto antibodies causes enlargement of ocular muscles, accumulation of fat, and Edema that push the eyeballs forward.

A

Exopthalmus

60
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid, is when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormones to meet your body’s needs.

Symptoms: lethargy, Cold intolerance, hoarseness, non-pitting boggy edema around the eyes, coarse hair, decreased body temperature.

61
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Hyper function of the adrenal Medela. A constant firing of catecholamines, so a constant fight or flight response.

Tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

Symptoms: hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headache, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, weight loss, constipation.

62
Q

Adrenal adenoma causing hypersecretion of androgens in women

A

Viralization: lack of breast development, hirsutism, increased muscle bulk

63
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes that can occur within 24 to 48 hours. DKA develops when the body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into cells for energy. Instead, the liver breaks down fat for fuel, which produces acids called ketones. When too many ketones are produced too fast, they can build up to dangerous levels in the body.

Symptoms: polyuria, decreased level of consciousness, who small breathing, acetone smelt of breath, hyperglycemia, decreased blood pH, Ketonuria, glycosuria.

64
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body’s main energy source.

Hypoglycemia needs immediate treatment. For many people, a fasting blood sugar of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L),

Symptoms: tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremor, pallor, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, perhaps seizure.

65
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism, also known as Conn’s syndrome, is a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate salt and potassium levels in the blood. Too much aldosterone can lead to high blood pressure.

Symptoms: hypertension, hypokalemia, increased blood pH, increased urine potassium.

66
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Not enough ADH. Kidneys make a lot of dilute urine.

Can be neurogenic or nephrogenic in nature.

Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, hypernatremia, increased plasma osmolality, large volume of dilute urine.

67
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

A

Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal Control mechanisms.

68
Q

Addison disease

A

A primary adrenal insufficiency.

Adrenal gland doesn’t make enough cortisol and aldosterone, two hormones that normally help maintain circulatory volume. Side effects are lightheadedness.

Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, hypotension, anorexia, hyperkalemia, bronze pigmentation, hypoglycemia, elevated ACTH.

69
Q

Type II DM

A

Type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition that occurs when the body doesn’t use insulin
properly. This results in unusual blood sugar levels.

Patients make little insulin, which goes to the liver and decreases the formation of ketoacidosis.

70
Q

Pituitary disease

A

Failure of the hypothalamus to secrete its usual hormones.

Pituitary gland disorders include acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes insipidus, empty sella syndrome, hypopituitarism and pituitary tumors. Pituitary problems can be caused by pituitary tumors, most of which are benign.

71
Q

Failure of the hypothalamus to secrete its usual hormones.

Disorders include acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes insipidus, empty sella syndrome, hypopituitarism and pituitary tumors. Pituitary problems can be caused by pituitary tumors, most of which are benign.

A

Pituitary disease

72
Q

Dispogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Excessive water intake that decreases plasma osmolality by overwhelming to ADH mechanisms.

Primary polydipsia. People who have this disorder constantly feel thirsty and drink lots of fluids. It can be caused by damage to the thirst-regulating mechanism in the hypothalamus. It also has been linked to mental illness, such as schizophrenia.

73
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Panhypopituitarism is a rare condition that occurs when the pituitary gland stops producing most or all of its hormones.

When necrosis or another problem in the anterior pituitary causes deficiency of all its hormones.

74
Q

Prolactinomas

A

A tumor of the pituitary gland that isn’t cancer but can cause vision problems, infertility and other health issues.

Occur in women. Prolactin secreting tumor’s and the interior pituitary. They cause galactorrhea (milk production not associated with childbirth.)

75
Q

Hypoglycemia unawareness

A

A condition in persons with long-standing diabetes who may develop hypoglycemia without the usual sympathetic nervous system manifestations.

76
Q

Myxedema

A

Myxedema is another term for severely advanced hypothyroidism. It’s a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone.

Non-pitting boggy edema associated with hypothyroidism.

77
Q

Myxedema coma

A

Decreased level of consciousness associated with severe hypothyroidism.

78
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland. A response to increase stimulation by TSH.

79
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid makes too much PTH. Takes calcium out of the bones. Makes bones weak.

Predisposed to kidney stones.

80
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Used for any condition involving chronic exposure to excessive cortisol.

Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. maintain blood pressure.

81
Q

Gastroparesis

A

Gastroparesis, also known as delayed gastric emptying, is a condition that occurs when food stays in the stomach longer than it should. It’s caused by paralysis of the stomach muscles, which is often due to nerve damage, most commonly from diabetes.

Due to autonomic neuropathy. A micro vascular problem.

82
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Microvascular disease and hyperglycemia cause it’s beginning of retinal capillary basement membranes, vein dilation, microaneurysm formation, and hemorrhages. Progressive retinal ischemia, Eventually, new blood vessels in fibrous tissues form within the retina or optic.

83
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage caused by diabetes. It’s a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
.
Kidney damage from diabetes. First manifest as microalbumineria

84
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism. Involves antibodies against TSH receptor is called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. BTS eyes stimulate TSH receptor’s on the thyrocytes, causing the thyroid it to secrete excess T3 and T4.

Weight-loss with increased appetite. Increased body temperature and tachycardia. Increases metabolic rate.

85
Q

Exopthalmus

A

Associated with graves disease. Fibroblast located behind I have TSH receptor’s. Stimulation of these receptors by the TSI auto antibodies causes enlargement of ocular muscles, accumulation of fat, and Edema that push the eyeballs forward.

NURS611 Advanced Pathophysiology - AB (30 decks)

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