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Optometry Class OP4103 > infectious disease > Flashcards

infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

give 7 pathogens that cause infectious diseases

A

bacteria, viruses, prions, protozoa, helminths, arthropods

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2
Q

how can an organism cause a disease?

A
  1. maintain a reservoir
  2. gain access to a host
  3. adhere to host
  4. evade host’s defence mechanisms
  5. multiply in or on the host
  6. cause harm
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3
Q

define infectious

A

the ability to cause an invasion and transmit pathogens

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4
Q

what is a virus made up of?

A

nucleocapsid, either envelope or capisd, capsomere, nucleic acid

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5
Q

What are the steps of viral replication?

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration
  3. alteration of hosts cellular machinery
  4. nucleic acid replication
  5. synthesis of protein coat
  6. assembly
  7. release
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6
Q

how does a virus attach to a cell?

A
  1. adsorption to cell surface
  2. specific interaction with host cell receptors via envelope/ capsid proteins
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7
Q

how does a virus penetrate into a cell?

A
  1. translocation
  2. receptor mediated endocytosis
  3. membrane fusion
  4. injection
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8
Q

what do early genes do of the host cell once it contains viral DNA?

A

-encode enzymes and regulatory proteins required to start viral replication
-RNA polymerase becomes viral specific

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9
Q

what do late genes of the host cell do once it contains viral DNA?

A

-encode structural proteins required for virus assembly
-capsid protein synthesis

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10
Q

how can viruses be released from the host cell?

A

-exit/ cell fate
-host cell lysis
-membrane budding

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11
Q

what type of virus is coronavirus?

A

enveloped ss positive-sense RNA viruses

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12
Q

For SARS CoV-2, what is the virus attachment protein? what human host receptor does it bind to?

A

-viron VAP glycoprotein which is a spike protein with S1 subuinit
-ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of SARS CoV-2

A

-pneumonia
-fever
-cough
-occasional diarrhea
-fatigue
-headache

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14
Q

what infections do prions cause
-in animals
-in humans

A

in animals
-BSE, FSE, Scrapie
-transmissible mink encephalopathy

humans
-kuru
-classical CJD
-nvCJD

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15
Q

what two ways CJD can be transmitted

A

-injestion of affected material
-latrogenic transmission of CJD

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16
Q

whats the disease process of CJD?

A

-incubation of up to 30 years
-cell atrophy
-loss of cerebral, sensory and motor function
-death

17
Q

what are the pathalogical signs of CJD?

A

-sponge like appearance
-microfibril associated amyloid plaques

18
Q

what are the three structural features of the bacterial cell wall?

A

-peptidoglycan cell wall
-bacterial chromosome not bound by nucelar membrane
-numerous ribosomes

19
Q

what are the two categories of bacteria?

A

gram -ve which have thin cell wall
gram +ve which have thick cell wall

20
Q

how do bacteria cause disease?

A
  1. adhere to host via cell surface glcoproteins or pili
  2. penetration (sometimes) via spiral bacteria through epthelia or invasins through phagocytosis
  3. otherwise they do colonosiation through microcolonies resisting phagocytosis
  4. exotoxins released cause toxic molecules to degrade cell membranes and intefere with host metabolism
  5. endotoxins are where the membrane its self is toxic causing a severe inflammatory response
21
Q

what eye diseases are caused by:
GRAM positive cocci
gram positive bacilli
gram positive filaments
gram negative bacteria

A

-endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis
-endophthalmitis, meibomitis
-canaliculitis, dacrocystitis, corneal abcess, endophthalmitis
-conjunctivitis, corneal abcessm endophthalmitis

22
Q

how does fungi cause disease?

A
  1. promoting infammation
  2. mycotpxin production
  3. infection
23
Q

what eye disease is caused by yeast

A

endophthalmitis

24
Q

what is the process of corneal infection?

A
  1. foreign body sensation
  2. loss of epithelium
  3. stromal necrosis, keratitis
  4. stromal thinning - perforation
25
Q

give an occular infection due to toxoplasma

A

retinochoroiditis

26
Q

what occular diseases can be due to athropods?

A

-mites in eyes = blepharitis
-lice = conjunctivitis

27
Q

what is a prion

A

a type of virus with no RNA and DNA and contains only protein

28
Q

What are the differences between the normal and pathologic prion proteins?

A

Normal: protease sensitive, high alpha helix content, low beta pleated sheet content, soluble, does not form aggregates
Pathologic prion proteins: protease resistant, low alpha helix content, high beta pleated sheet content, insoluble, aggregates to form fibres

29
Q

give the steps in the coronavirus lifecycle

A
  1. he spike protein of S1 subunit binds to the human host cell receptor ACE2
  2. viral entry into cytosol so for SARS CoV 2, transmembrane serine protease 2 and S2 subunit binds via membrane fusion or receptor mediator- endocytosis
  3. viral genome is released into cytosol
  4. positive sense RNA has coding regions for nucleocapsid proteins (N) spike (S), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins
  5. used as an mRNA template for translation
  6. Early genes = translated => non-structural proteins (nsps); includes viral polymerase; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)
  7. vRNA replication via replication and transcription complexes
  8. transcription
  9. transcription of viral protein structures
  10. S, M and E are translated in the ER Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)
  11. nucleocapsid made of viral rna and viral N proteins are assembled in the cytoplasm
  12. S, E and M bud from ERGIC and join N
  13. mature virion is exocytosed out the cell and in SARS CoV 2 theres lysosomal pathway causing pH changes and exocytosis

Optometry Class OP4103 (20 decks)

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