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BIO105 - Genetics > Chapter 2 - Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

alternative form of a gene

A

allele

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2
Q

contain like genes for any character

A

homozygous

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3
Q

contains two kinds of genes for an allelic pair

A

heterozygous

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4
Q
  • appearance or assemblage of characters that are expressed
  • may change because of interactions with environment and other genes
A

phenotype

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5
Q

phenotype formula

A

P = G + E + (G X E)

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6
Q
  • genetic constitution of an individual
  • constant
A

genotype

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7
Q

trait that is expressed in the heterozygote

A

dominant trait

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8
Q

hidden in the heterozygote

A

recessive trait

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9
Q

why is mendelian genetics classical

A

principles of the Mendel still applies until today

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10
Q

what do Mendelian genetics deal with

A

qualitative traits

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11
Q
  • also known as alleles
  • According to him, two factors are needed for a trait to be expressed
  • allele is one of the possible forms of a gene
  • Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele
A

Mendelian inheritance factors

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12
Q

long version of the word allele

A

allelomorphic pairs

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13
Q

Mendelian genetics criteria

A
  • diploid
  • sexually reproducing
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14
Q
  • point of attachment of the kinetochore
  • attachment of sister chromatids
  • site for the attachment of spindle fibre
  • help in the proper alignment and segregation of the chromosomes during the process of cell division in eukaryotic cells
A

centromeres

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15
Q

physical location of a gene on a chromosome

A

gene loci

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16
Q
  • study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
  • reversible and do not change your DNA sequence
  • change how your body reads a DNA sequence
A

Epigenetics

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17
Q

father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel is the father of __

A

Genetics

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19
Q

what did Mendel develop

A

fundamental laws of heredity

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20
Q

what did Mendel blend

A

Concept of Inheritance vs Particulate Theory of Inheritance

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21
Q

what are the test subjects of Mendel

A

garden peas

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22
Q

garden peas

A

Pisum sativum

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23
Q

why did he choose garden peas

A
  • easily grown
  • pollination is easily controlled
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24
Q

how did Mendel control pollination

A

manually moving pollen between plants

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25
Q

what did Mendel develop in garden peas

A

true-breeding plants by self-pollination

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26
Q

true breeding other term

A

pure breeding

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27
Q

what does true-breeding or pure-breeding plants mean

A

homozygous

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28
Q

male parts of flower

A

anthers

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29
Q

contain sperm

A

pollen grain

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30
Q

female parts

A

pistil

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31
Q

eggs

A

ovule

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32
Q

produce pollen grains, which contain male gametes

A

anthers

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33
Q

receives pollen

A

stigma

34
Q

produce female gametes

A

ovules

35
Q

process of Cross-pollination

A
  1. remove anthers from one plant
  2. collect pollen from a different plant
  3. transfer pollen to stigma of the 1st plant (plant without anthers)
36
Q

kind of crossing strategy between a pair of parents (A and B) by using them in turn as female parent and male parent to obtain two reciprocal crosses of A×B and B×A

A

Reciprocal cross

37
Q

first half of reciprocal cross

A

pollen from round-seeded to stigma of wrinkled-seeded

37
Q

second half of reciprocal cross

A

pollen from wrinkled-seeded to stigma of round-seeded

37
Q

Why was Mendel successful

A
  1. unbiased
  2. selected good model organism
  3. used pure breeds as parents
  4. large sample size
  5. quantitative analysis
  6. controlled experiments
  7. studied obvious traits
38
Q

Characters which Mendel used

A
  1. seed shape
  2. seed color
  3. flower color
  4. pod shape
  5. pod color
  6. flower position
  7. stem height
39
Q

seed shape

A
  • spherical
  • wrinkled
40
Q

seed color

A
  • yellow
  • green
41
Q

flower color

A
  • purple
  • white
42
Q

pod shape

A
  • inflated
  • constricted
43
Q

pod color

A
  • green
  • yellow
44
Q

flower position

A
  • axial
  • terminal
45
Q

stem height

A
  • tall
  • dwarf
46
Q

a model system not only for studying numerous aspects of plant biology, but also for understanding mechanisms of the rapid evolutionary process associated with genome duplication and polyploidization.

A

Arabidopsis

47
Q

Mendel’s conclusions

A
  1. genes do not blend together
  2. peas have two versions, or alleles, of each gene
  3. each gamete contains one allele of each gene
  4. males and females contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring
  5. some alleles are dominant to others
48
Q

act of castrating (= removing the male sexual parts of) a man or male animal, or removing the male parts of a plant

A

emasculation

49
Q
  • alleles occur in pairs and that in the formation of gametes, these segregate so that only one member of a pair goes into a particular gamete
  • covers how alleles of the same gene assort into different gametes
  • monogenic trait
A

Law of Segregation

50
Q

trait produced by the effect of a gene or an allele

A

monogenic trait

51
Q

descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring

A

progeny

52
Q

original pair of parents at the start of a genetic cross experiment

A

P generation

53
Q

first generation that is produced by the p generation

A

F1 generation

54
Q

obtained by crossing F1 generation

A

F2 generation

55
Q

P generation

A

parental generation

56
Q

F1 generation

A

first filial generation

57
Q

involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits

A

monohybrid cross

58
Q

tool for calculating genetic probability

A

Punnett squares

59
Q
  • based on dihybrid crosses where two genes are considered simultaneously
  • alleles in different gene pairs separate cleanly from each other and randomly combine during gamete formation
  • inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair
A

Law of Independent Assortment

60
Q

made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed

A

dihybrid crosses

61
Q

Mendelian disorders in humans

A
  1. ptosis
  2. progeria
  3. achondroplasia
  4. polydactyly
62
Q
  • drooping of the upper eyelid, and the patient usually presents with the complaint of the defect in vision and cosmesis
  • can be congenital or acquired, or it can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, or traumatic in origin
A

Ptosis

63
Q
  • extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder
  • causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life
  • generally appear healthy at birth
A

Progeria

64
Q
  • genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor
  • protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate.
A

Achondroplasia

65
Q
  • condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers
  • common condition that often runs in families
  • extra fingers are usually small and abnormally developed
A

Polydactyly

66
Q
  • caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin
  • manifests during 2nd year
  • causes severe anemia, poor growth, skeletal abnormalities
  • requires life-long blood transfusion
A

β-Thallasemia

67
Q

where is the Thallasemia word from

A

Greek
thalassa (sea)
haemia (blood)

68
Q

β-Thallasemia is caused by what

A

reduced or absent synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin

69
Q

when does β-Thallasemia progress

A

2nd year

70
Q

what does β-Thallasemia cause

A
  • severe anemia
  • poor growth
  • skeletal abnormalities
71
Q

β-Thallasemia carrier without ilness, but less hemoglobin (slight anemia)

A

with one mutation less hemoglobin

72
Q

β-Thallasemia major patient with severe anemia

A

with two mutations no β-globin

73
Q

β-Thallasemia physical manifestations

A
  1. small head
  2. low nasal bridge
  3. epicanthal folds
  4. short nose
  5. flat midface
  6. smooth philtrum
  7. thin upper lip
  8. underdeveloped jaw
74
Q

β-Thallasemia is a stabilizing selection against __

A

malaria

75
Q

β-Thllasemia superiority

A

heterozygote superiority

76
Q

two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop

A

Autosomal recessive

77
Q

β-Thllasemia highest prevalence

A
  • Greeks (10%)
  • Fil in Canada (4%)
  • Taiwan (0.9%)
78
Q

happens because they have less melanin than usual in their body

A

albinism

BIO105 - Genetics (19 decks)

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