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BIO105 - Genetics > Chapter 10 - Evolutionary Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Evolutionary Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

central concept in biology

A

evolution

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2
Q

one of the foundations of evolution

A

genetics

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3
Q

group of individuals of the same species

A

population

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4
Q
  • series of partial or complete and irreversible transformations of the genetic structure of a population based principally on altered interaction with the environment
  • chance processes, interacting with a changing environment, generated complex structures and organs that now have purposes which were not planned or designed
A

organic evolution

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5
Q

Requirements for Evolution

A
  1. heritable variation
  2. limited environmental opportunities
  3. changing environments
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6
Q

genetic mechanism that is not perfect but produces offspring that are sometimes slightly different from their parent/s

A

heritable variation

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7
Q

insufficient resources for all individuals to survive and reproduce, leading to competition for necessary resources

A

limited environmental opportunities

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8
Q

as conditions change, different individuals are best able to survive and reproduce

A

changing environments

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9
Q

Forces that modify gene frequencies in populations

A
  1. mutation
  2. migration
  3. natural selection
  4. genetic drift
  5. gene recombination
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10
Q

increases variability within a population

A

mutation

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11
Q

adds genetic variability to a population

A

migration

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12
Q
  • decreases genetic variability through elimation of unfavorable mutations
  • results in the perpetuation of those life forms having favorable characteristics that enable them to adapt to a specific environment
A

natural selection

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13
Q

results in the chance elimination of genotypes due to small population size

A

genetic drift

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14
Q

causes reshuffling of genes to produce new gene combinations for acceptance or rejection by selective forces of evolution

A

gene recombination

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15
Q

identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

A

Artificial selection

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16
Q

genetic base in artificial selection

A

narrow

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17
Q

genetic base in natural selection

A

broad

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18
Q
  • change in population’s gene pool over a succession of generations
  • occurs over relatively brief period of time
A

microevolution

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19
Q
  • total collection of genes in a population at any given time
  • reservoir from which members of next generation derive their genes
A

gene pool

20
Q

genetic drift that results from event that drastically reduces population size

A

bottleneck effect

21
Q

refers to the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population

A

founder effect

22
Q

Three Evolutionary Patterns

A
  1. divergent evolution
  2. convergent evolution
  3. parallel evolution
23
Q
  • occurs when members of a species are placed in different environmental conditions
  • members of population may gradually develop into different species with no particular point in time for their separation
A

divergent evolution

24
Q
  • refers to the development of superficial resemblances between organisms of different ancestries
  • these groups, which are unrelated by descent, but living under similar environmental conditions can exhibit similarities in habits and general appearances
A

convergent evolution

25
Q

herbaceous plant or shrub with milky latex and very small, typically greenish, flowers

A

spurge

26
Q
  • two organisms acquire similar characteristics independently of one another
  • have stemmed from related ancestries
  • akin, yet distinguishable from convergence
A

parallel evolution

27
Q

Modes of Selection

A
  1. directional selection
  2. stabilizing selection
  3. disruptive selection
28
Q

ex. of directional selection

A

english peppered moths

29
Q

ex. of stabilizing selection

A

horseshoe crab

30
Q

ex. of disruptive selection

A

African swallowtail

31
Q

process of splitting a genetically homogenous population into two or more populations that undergo genetic differentation and reproductive isolation

A

speciation

32
Q

The Rate of Speciation

A
  1. phyletic gradualism
  2. quantum speciation
33
Q

speciation is a microevolutionary event resulting from the accumulation of many small gene differences over time under the influence of natural selection

A

phyletic gradualism

34
Q
  • stochastic or catastrophic speciation
  • evolutionary events occur suddenly and intermittently
A

quantum speciation

35
Q

Models of Quantum Speciation

A
  1. Punctuated Equilibrium
  2. Founder-Flush Theory
36
Q
  • idea that evolution occurs in spurts instead of following the slow, but steady path that Darwin suggested
  • Long periods of stasis with little activity in terms of extinctions or emergence of new species are interrupted by intermittent bursts of activity
A

Punctuated equilibrium

37
Q

genetic evolution is in some way different in a population that is founded by a small number of individuals and that subsequently grows rapidly

A

Founder-flush theory

38
Q

Models of Speciation (Recent, most developed)

A
  1. allopatric speciation
  2. sympatric speciation
  3. stasipatric speciation
39
Q
  • geographic features such as lakes, rivers, or mountains act as barriers to gene flow between population
  • physical isolation is the first step in the process of evolution
A

allopatric speciation

40
Q

formation of species from populations that live in the same geographic range and do not become geographically isolated

A

sympatric speciation

41
Q
  • rapid speciation that may occur among small breeding populations that are not completely isolated genetically or spatially.
  • formation of new species as a result of chromosomal rearrangements
A

stasipatric speciation

42
Q

Human Evolution

A
  1. loss of alleles
  2. increasing allele frequencies
43
Q

branch of systematics that attempts to construct phylogenetic trees based on the presence of shared derived characters

A

cladistics

44
Q

Two types of Isolation

A
  1. Geographical Isolation
  2. Reproductive Isolation
45
Q

Two types of Reproductive Isolation

A
  1. Prezygotic Isolation
  2. Postzygotic Isolation
46
Q

Prezygotic Isolation

A
  1. ecological
  2. seasonal
  3. ethological
  4. physiological
  5. mechanical
  6. gametic mortality
47
Q

Postzygotic Isolation

A
  1. cytological
  2. zygotic mortality
  3. hybrid inviability
  4. hybrid sterility
  5. hybrid breakdown

BIO105 - Genetics (19 decks)

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