Central Nervous System

Question 1

orgnaization of CNS

Answer 1

1) from afferent division of peripheral nervous system => brain and spinal cord => processing => efferent division of peripheral nervous system
2) effector organs: skeletal, smooth, cardiac, endocrine, exocrine glands

Question 2

neurons

Answer 2

1) afferent neurons
2) interneurons
3) efferent neurons
- millions of them

Question 3

glial cells

Answer 3

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal
- much more glial cells than neurons 90%

Question 4

astrocytes

Answer 4

1) support neurons
2) blood brain barrier
3) transfer nutrients
4) scar tissue
5) release NT
6) brain ECF ion exchange
6) enhance synapse formatio nand synaptic transmission
7) communication

Question 5

oligodendrocytes

Answer 5

1) myelin sheath

Question 6

microglia

Answer 6

1) phagocytic
2) growth factor

Question 7

ependymal cells

Answer 7

1) line internal cavities
2) cerebrospinal fluid
3) neural stem cells

Question 8

brain overview

Answer 8

1) cerebral cortex
2) basal nuclei
3) thalamus
4) hypothalamus
5) cerebellum
6) brain stem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla

Question 9

cerebrum

Answer 9

1) sensory perception
2) movement
3) language
4) personality

Question 9

basal nuclei

Answer 9

1) gray matter
2) muscle tone inhibition
2) coordination of slow movements
3) suppression of useless patterns of movement

Question 9

thalamus

Answer 9

1) relay station for synaptic input
2) crude awareness of sensation
3) some consciousness
4) role in motor control

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

1) homeostatic function
- thirst, urine, hunger, temperature
2) line between endocrine and nervous system
3) emotion and basic behavioral pattern
4) sleep wake cycle

Question 10

cerebellum

Answer 10

1) balance
2) enhance muscle tone
3) skilled voluntary muscle activity

Question 11

brain stem

Answer 11

1) peripheral cranial nerve originate here
2) CV, respiratory, digestive control
3) muscle reflexes with equilibrium and posture
4) reception and integration of synaptic input from spinal cord
5) role in sleep-wake cycle

Question 12

cerebral cortex lobes

Answer 12

1) occipital
- primary visual cortex
2) parietal
- somatosensory cortex
3) temporal
- primary auditory cortex
4) frontal
- premotor cortex and primary motor cortex

Question 13

broca’s area

Answer 13

1) left frontal lobe near motor area
2) speaking ability
3) broca’s aphasia
- cannot speak it out, stutter

Question 14

wernicke’s area

Answer 14

1) left cortex at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes
2) language comprehension of spoken and written messages
3) wernicke’s aphasia
- meaningless sound

Question 15

motor cortex

Answer 15

1) near frontal lobe in both hemispheres
2) larger the area
- more neurons located
3) subject to changes
- use dependent competition

Question 16

plasticity

Answer 16

1) can be changes or functionally remodeled in response to the demands placed on it

Question 17

primary motor cortex

Answer 17

1) upper motor neurons => lower motor neurons in SC
- inhibitory signals
- lesions often lead to spastic paralysis
2) lower motor neurons in spinal cord
- lesions lead to flaccid paralysis
3) cerebellum
4) other region
- premotor cortex, thalamus, basal nuclei also regulate motor control

Question 18

contralateral sensation

Answer 18

1) somatosensory cortex mostly receive input from opposite side
2) motor cortex primarily controls muscles on opposite side of body

Question 19

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 19

1) motor neuron degeneration
- both upper and lower
2) cannot control voluntary movement
- difficulty speaking, swallowing and breathing

Question 20

polimyelitis

Answer 20

1) destroy ventral horn of lower motor neurons
- poliovirus infection
2) fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, paralysis, muscle atrophy
3) polio vaccine
- IPV (inactivated)
- OPV (oral attenuated)

Question 21

left hemisphere

Answer 21

1) verbal
2) logic
3) analysis
4) math
5) sequence

Question 22

right hemisphere

Answer 22

1) rhythm
2) spatial
3) emotion
4) artistic
5) musical
6) imagination

Question 23

cerebral white matter

Answer 23

1) communication between cerebral areas and cortex with lower CNS centers
2) association fibers
- connect parts of same hemisphere
3) commissural fibers
- two hemispheres
4) projection fibers
- connect cerebral cortex with lower CNS

Question 24

limbic system

Answer 24

1) limbic association cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
2) emotion
3) reward and punishment
4) learning and memory
5) motivation
* work together with other regions of the brain

Question 25

learning and memory

Answer 25

1) synapse
- AP at presynaptic neuron => calcium enters axon terminal => NT released to synaptic cleft => NT binds to receptors in post synaptic neuron => opens a specific channel

Question 26

acetylcholine

Answer 26

1) excitatory NT

Question 27

adenosine

Answer 27

inhibitory effect NT

Question 28

cholecystokinin

Answer 28

1) neuropeptides
2) satiety

Question 29

dopamine

Answer 29

1) leads to parkinson’s disease

Question 30

GABA

Answer 30

1) brain’s main inhibitory NT

Question 31

leptin

Answer 31

1) satiety hormone
2) inhibit appetite 3)

Question 32

glutamine

Answer 32

1) brains main excitatory NT

Question 33

ghrelin

Answer 33

1) hunger hormone

Question 34

comparison of short term and long term memory

Answer 34

1) short term
- immediate storage
- seconds to hours
- limited storage
- rapid retrieval
- permanently forgotten, unless consolidated
- involves preexisting synapses

2) long term
- transferred from short term to long term
- retained days to years
- very large storage
- retrieval is slower
- usually only transiently unable to access
- formation of new synapses; synthesis of new proteins

Question 35

neuroplasticity

Answer 35

1) changes of neural pathway and synapses due to environmental behavior and emotional processes
2) huge capacity of memory

Question 36

alzheimer’s disease

Answer 36

1) slowly progressive impairment of memory
- dementia
2) neurodegenerative disease
- cholinergic neuron death (ones that make Ach, excitatory NT)
3) plaques
- beta-amyloid accumulate in spaces between nerve cells
4) tangles
- protein tau accumulate inside nerve cells

Question 37

brain stem

Answer 37

1) origin of cranial nerves except CNI and CII
2) respiratory system, CV, digestive system
3) reflexes in equilibrium and posture
4) reticular formation
- integration center for signal from SC and carry to cerebral cortex
5) sleep wake cycle

Question 38

parkinsons disease

Answer 38

1) death of neurons in substantia nigra
2) tremor, rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia
2) neurodegenerative disease
- loss of synaptic communication
4) dopamine generating neuron death in substantia nigra in midbrain or basal nuclei

Question 39

spinal cord

Answer 39

1) link for transmission between brain and other parts of body
2) cord can integrate reflex activity between afferent activity and efferent output
- without the brain
3) reflex (response that occurs automatically without conscious effort)
- basic
- acquired/ conditioned