saliva

Question 1

salivary glands structure

Answer 1

1) parotid
- serous acinar
2) sublingual
- mainly mucous acinar, mixed
3) submandibular
- mainly serous acinar, mixed

Question 2

minor salivary glands

Answer 2

1) mostly mucous
2) glands of von ebner are serous

Question 3

demilune

Answer 3

1) mucous in inner layer and serous cap

Question 4

secretory canaliculus

Answer 4

1) from the gland and go into the lumen

Question 5

Intralobular

Answer 5

1) enter into intercalated duct
- cuboidal
2) move to the striated duct
- columnar
-mitochondria
…
3) excretory duct: interlobular duct
- simple to pseudostratified columnar
4) out to the main duct

Question 6

serous

Answer 6

1) low molecular weight proteins and enzymes

Question 7

mucous

Answer 7

1) high molecular weight proteins (mucins)
- squished nucleus

Question 8

whole saliva

Answer 8

1 )salivary gland secretion
2) microorganisms
3) deciduous lining cells
4) blood and blood derivatives
- GCF
- intraoral bleeding
5) extrinsic substances
6) other fluids
- bronchial and nasal

Question 9

flow rate

Answer 9

1) 0.3-0.4 ml/min
- submandibular glands
2) but stimulated is 1-2 ml/min

Question 10

primary secretion and secondary modification of

Answer 10

1) primary secretion in acini
- ptyalin
- mucus
- extracellular fluid
2) secondary modification in ducts
- NA+ active absorbed
- K+ active secreted
- Cl- passive absorbed
- HCO3- secreted

Question 11

inorganic composition

Answer 11

1) LOTs of inorganic ions in saliva
2) sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide
3) as saliva flow increases, the osmolarity increases
- active transport

Question 12

organic composition

Answer 12

1) alpha-amylase (ptyalin)
- salivary glands
2) IgA
- plasma cells to packed in acinar cells
- defense
3) lipase
- generated by salivary glands (inactive)
- until it is acidic

Question 13

neuronal regulation

Answer 13

1) cortex
2) through CN VII IX to the solitary nucleus
3) superior cervical ganglion
- sympathetic
4) rest and digest
- acid and electrolyte rich
4) fight or flight
- protein rich secretion
- reduced saliva flow

Question 14

parasympathetic regulation

Answer 14

1) rest and digest
2) muscarinic receptor
3) phospholipase C - IP3 pathway
4) Ca2+ flux is the major transmitter
5) acid and electrolyte rich secretion
6) increased saliva flow

Question 15

sympathetic regulation

Answer 15

1) fight or flight
2) B1 adrenergic receptor
3) adenylate cyclase - cAMP pathway
4) protein phosphorylation cascade
5) protein rich secretion
6) reduced saliva flow

Question 16

increase salivary flow

Answer 16

1) parasympathetic
2) CNS (cephalic, sensory phase)
3) nausea
4) flavorful foods

Question 17

reduce salivary flow

Answer 17

1) sympathetic, NE
2) sleep
3) hormones (ADH, aldosterone)
4) dehydration
5) drugs, chemo
6) aging

Question 18

saliva function

Answer 18

1) homeostasis of hard and soft tissues
2) buffering, mineralization
3) antibacterial, antimicrobial
4) taste and mouthfeel
5) digestion
6) growth factors, cytokines, repair of tissues

Question 19

xerostomia CC

Answer 19

1) dry mouth
2 )fissured tongue
3) glossy tongue
4) candidiasis
5) rampant caries
6) decreased retention of dentures

Question 20

xerostomia diagnosis

Answer 20

1) history
2) extraoral inspection
- symmetry, color of skin, pulsation, swelling
3) intraoral inspection
- duct orifices, mucosa, dental hygiene
4) saliva flow
- resting flow (<0.1 ml/min), stimulated flow <0.5 ml/min
5) imaging: plain film, sialography, CT, MRI, endoscope

Question 21

xerostomia epidemiology

Answer 21

1) medicated subgroup
2) higher prevalence in women

Question 22

xerostomia etiology

Answer 22

1) medication
2) autoimmune disease
- sjogren’s syndrome (lacrimal and salivary glands)
- lupus
3) systemic diseases
- HIV, diabetes, asthma
4) emotion
- sympathetic NS
5) radiation
6) other
- obstruction, inflammation, infection, tumor, congenital

Question 23

xerostomia treatment

Answer 23

1) treat systemic diseases
2) treat infections
3) alternative medication
4) saliva stimulants
- muscarinic receptors
5) saliva substitutes
- artificial if the glands do not work
6) stem cells therapy