Ch.5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell

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2
Q

metabolism chemical reactions provide

A

energy and create substances that sustain life

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic

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5
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

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6
Q

metabolic pathways are determined by

A

enzymes

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7
Q

enzymes are

A

encoded genes

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8
Q

Collision theory

A

states that chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide

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9
Q

Activation energy

A

the collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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10
Q

Reaction rate

A

frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction

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11
Q

reaction rate can be increased by

A

enzymes or by increasing temp., pressure, or concentration

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12
Q

catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions without being altered

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13
Q

enzymes

A

are biological catalysts

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14
Q

enzyme-susbstrate complex

A

substrate the enzyme’s active site

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15
Q

products

A

released from the enzyme when substrate is transformed and rearranged

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16
Q

Turnover number

A

the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

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17
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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18
Q

transferase

A

transfer functional groups

19
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolisis

20
Q

lyase

A

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

21
Q

isomerase

A

rearrangement of atoms

22
Q

ligase

A

joining of molecules; uses ATP

23
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein portion (inactive when alone)

24
Q

Cofactor

A

nonprotein component

25
Q

coenzyme

A

organic cofactor

26
Q

holoenzyme

A

apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme form)

27
Q

Factors influencing enzyme activity

A

-temp.
-pH
-substrate conc.
-inhibitors

28
Q

high temp. and extreme pH does what?

A

denature proteins

29
Q

Saturation

A

-when the conc. of substrate is high.
-enzyme catalyzes at its maximum rate

30
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substance

31
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition

32
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end-product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway

33
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA that function as catalysts by binding to substrates and acting upon them
-not used up in the reaction
-frequently used in cells to cut and splice RNA
-also involved in protein synthesis in ribosomes

34
Q

Oxidation

A

removal of electrons

35
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

36
Q

redox reaction

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

37
Q

dehydrogenations

A

biological oxidations

38
Q

ATP is generated by the

A

phosphorylation of ADP with the input of energy

39
Q

ATP is generated when

A

high-energy PO4- is added to ADP

40
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

a mechanism that uses a proton gradient across a cytoplasmic membrane to generate ATP

41
Q
A
42
Q
A
42
Q
A