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Micro > Ch 2. Chemical Principles > Flashcards

Ch 2. Chemical Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

the study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter and cannot be subdivides into smaller substances

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3
Q

atoms interact to form

A

molecules

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4
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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5
Q

protons

A

positively charged particles

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6
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged particles

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7
Q

Chemical element

A

atoms with the same number of protons

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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9
Q

Atomic mass

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with different numbers of neutrons

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11
Q

Electron shells

A

electron arrangement corresponding to diff. energy levels

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12
Q

Valence

A

number of missing or extra electrons in the outermost shell

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13
Q

Chemical bonds

A

valence electrons holding molecules together

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14
Q

a compound

A

a molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms (H2O)

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15
Q

Ionic Bonds when…

A

protons and electrons are equal

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16
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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17
Q

Cations

A

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

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18
Q

Anions

A

atoms that gain electrons and become neg, charged

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19
Q

Ionic bonds

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge

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20
Q

Covalent bonds

A

form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

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21
Q

covalent bonds are…

A

stronger and ore common in organisms than ionic bonds

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22
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

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23
Q

Molecular mass

A

sum of the atomic masses in a molecule

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24
Q

One MOLE of a substance

A

is its molecular mass in grams

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25
Dalton (da)
unit of molecular mass
26
Chemical rxns
involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms
27
a change in Chemical energy occurs
during a chemical rxn
28
Endergonic
reactions absorb energyE
29
Exergonic
reactions release energy
30
Synthesis reactions
occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
31
Anabolism
the synthesis of molecules in a cell
32
Decomposition Reactions
occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atomsC
33
Catabolism
decomposition reaction sin a cell
34
exchange reactions
part synthesis and decomposition
35
Reversibility of Chemical Reactions
* can readily go in either direction * each direction may need special conditions
36
Organic Compounds
always contain carbon and hydrogen; typically structurally complex
37
Inorganic compounds
typically lack carbon; usually small and structurally simple
38
Dissociations
seperation
39
Acids
substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more neg ions
40
bases
substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more pos ions
41
salts
Substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is orH+OH−
42
conc of H+ is a solution is expressed
as pH
43
pH =
-log(10)[H+]
44
increasing [H+]
increases acidity
45
increasing [OH-]
increases alkalinity
46
pH 6.5 and 8.5
most organisms grow best
47
Carbon skeleton
chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
48
functional groups
bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound
49
Macromolecules
polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules
50
monomers
small repeating molecules
51
monomers join by
dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
52
isomers
molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures
53
Monosaccharides
simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms
54
Disaccharides
formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis
55
disaccharides can be broken down by
hydrolysis
56
Polysaccharides
consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
57
Lipids
* Primary components of cell membranes * Consist of C, H, and O * Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
58
Simple lipids
Fats or triglycerides * contains glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis
59
Saturated fat
no double bonds in fatty acids
60
Unsaturated fat
one or more DB in the fatty acids
61
Cis
H atoms on the same side of the DB
62
Trans
H atoms on opposite sides of the DB
63
Complex Lipids
* Contain C, H, and O + P, N, and/or S * Cell membranes are made of complex lipids called phospholipids – Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group * Phospholipids have polar as well as nonpolar regions
64
Steroids
* Four carbon rings with an group attached to one ring * Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluidOH−
65
Proteins
* Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S * Essential in cell structure and function – Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions – Transporter proteins that move chemicals across membranes – Flagella that aid in movement – Some bacterial toxins and cell structures
66
Amino Acids
Amino acids contain an alpha-carbon that has an attached: – Carboxyl group (-COOH) – Amino group (NH2) – Side group
67
proteins consist of subunits called
amino acids
68
Stereoisomers
D or L L most often found in nature
69
peptide bonds
between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis
70
Secondary structure
occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a helicopter or pleated sheet
71
Tertiary structure
occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregular, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds btwn amino acids in the chain
72
Quaternary Structure
consist of two or more polypeptides
73
Denaturation
occurs when proteins encounter hostile environments such as temperature and pH, and therefore lose their shapes and functions
74
Conjugated proteins consist of amino acids and other organic molecules
*Glycoproteins *Nucleoproteins *Lipoproteins
75
Nucleic Acids
consist of nucleotides
76
Nucleotides consist of
* A five-carbon (pentose) sugar * Phosphate group * Nitrogen-containing (purine or Pyrimidine) base
77
Nucleosides consist of
* Pentose * Nitrogen-containing base
78
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
– Contains deoxyribose – Exists as a double helix – Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine – Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine * Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the genetic instructions of the organism
79
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
– Contains ribose – Is single-stranded – Adenine hydrogen bonds with Uracil – Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine * Several kinds of RNA play a specific role in protein synthesis
80
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
made of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups
81
ATP Stores ....
the chemical energy release by some chemical reactions
82
ATP Releases...
phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell

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