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Micro > Ch.1 The Microbial World and You > Flashcards

Ch.1 The Microbial World and You Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms

A

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Microbes include

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses

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3
Q

pathogenic

A

disease producing

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4
Q

Microbes can…

A
  • Decompose organic waste
  • Generate oxygen by photosynthesis
  • Produce chemical products such as ethanol, acetone,
    and vitamins
  • Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese,
    and bread
  • Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g.,
    cellulose) and disease treatment (e.g., insulin)
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5
Q

Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to

A

*prevent food spoilage
* prevent disease
*understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics

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6
Q

an adult human is composed of __ _______ body cells and harbors another __ _______ bacterial cells

A

30 trillion
40 trillion

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7
Q

a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body

A

microbiome

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8
Q

the microbiome (3 things)

A

– Help to maintain good health
– Can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
– May help train the immune system to discriminate
threats

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9
Q

Normal microbiota is the

A

collection of acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being

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10
Q

Normal microbiota (3 things)

A

– Begin to be acquired as newborns
– May colonize the body indefinitely
– May colonize the body fleetingly (making them
transient microbiota)

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11
Q

colonization can only occur at body sites that ______ _______ and the right environment for the ________ __ _______

A

provide nutrients
microbes to flourish

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12
Q

The Human Microbiome Project

A

– Begun in 2007
– Goal of determining the makeup of typical microbiota of
various areas of the body
– Secondary goal of understanding relationship between
changes in microbiome and human diseases

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13
Q

The National Microbiome Initiative (NMI)

A

– Begun in 2016
– Explores the role microbes play in different ecosystems

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14
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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15
Q

Each organism has two names

A

The genus and the specific epithet

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16
Q

Scientific names

A

– Are italicized or underlined
▪ The genus is capitalized; the specific epithet is
lowercase
– Are “Latinized” and used worldwide
– May be descriptive or honor a scientist

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17
Q

After the first use, scientific names may be
abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the
specific epithet:

A

– Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
are found in the human body
– E. coli is found in the large intestine, and S.
aureus is on skin

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18
Q

Types of Microorganisms

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Viruses
  • Multicellular Animal Parasites
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19
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes
    – “Prenucleus”
  • Single-celled
  • Peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Divide via binary fission
  • Derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or
    photosynthesis
  • May “swim” by using moving appendages called flagella
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20
Q

Archaea

A
  • Are prokaryotes
  • Lack peptidoglycan cell walls
    – May lack cell wall entirely
  • Often live in extreme environments
  • Include:
    – Methanogens
    – Extreme halophiles
    – Extreme thermophiles
  • Generally not known to cause disease in humans
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21
Q

Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotes
    – Distinct nucleus surrounding DNA genetic material
  • Chitin cell walls
  • Absorb organic chemicals for energy
  • Yeasts are unicellular
  • Molds and mushrooms are multicellular
    – Molds consist of masses of mycelia, which are
    composed of filaments called hyphae
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22
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
  • May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
  • Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living
    host)
    – Some are photosynthetic
  • Reproduce sexually or asexually
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23
Q

Algae

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
  • Use photosynthesis for energy
    – Produces oxygen and carbohydrates
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction possible
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24
Q

Viruses

A
  • Acellular
  • Consist of DNA or RNA core
  • Core is surrounded by a protein coat
    – Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
  • Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
    – Inert outside living hosts
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25
Q

Multicellular Animal Parasites

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular animals
  • Not strictly microorganisms
  • Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called
    helminths
    – Some microscopic stages in their life cycles
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26
Q

Classification of Microorganisms

A

developed by Carl Woese in 1978

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27
Q

Three domains based on cellular organization

A

– Bacteria
– Archaea
– Eukarya
▪ Protists
▪ Fungi
▪ Plants
▪ Animals

28
Q

1665: Robert Hooke reported that all living things are composed of little boxes, or “cells”

A
  • Marked the beginning of cell theory: all living things are composed of cells
  • Perspective: Thomas Edison light bulb 1879
29
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microbes from

A

1623 to 1673

30
Q

Magnifying lenses were used to view

A

Animalcules

31
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

32
Q

Biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

33
Q

1858: Rudolf Virchow

A

said cells arise from preexisting cells

34
Q

Pasteur also used S-shaped flasks

A

keep microbes out but let air in

35
Q

Pasteur showed that microbes were responsible for

A

fermentation

36
Q

fermentation

A

the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

37
Q

Pasteurization

A

the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

38
Q

Vaccination 1796

A

Edward Jenner

39
Q

Immunity

A

protection from disease

40
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treatment of disease with chemicals

41
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungo that inhibit or kill other microbes

42
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be

A

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

43
Q

1928: Alexander Fleming

A

discovered the first antibiotic

44
Q

Penicillium fungus made…

A

penicillin that killed S. aureus

45
Q

overuse can lead to

A

resistance

46
Q

Bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

47
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi

48
Q

Parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

49
Q

Immunology

A

study of immunity

50
Q

Virology

A

study of viruses

51
Q

Microbial genetics

A

study of how microbes inherit traits

52
Q

Molecular biology

A

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

53
Q

Genomics

A

study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

54
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from two different sources

55
Q

Microbial ecology

A

study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

56
Q

Biotechnology

A

the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

57
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

58
Q

Normal microbiota

A

microbes normally present in and on the human body

59
Q

Resistance

A

the ability of the body to ward off disease

60
Q

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

61
Q

Zika virus disease

A

– Virus discovered in 1947 in Uganda
– Human epidemics in Micronesia 2007, then in
French Polynesia and Brazil in 2013–2015
– Spread by bite of an infected Aedes mosquito; also
transmitted by sexual contact
– Infection during pregnancy can result in severe
birth defects

62
Q

Middle Easy respiratory syndrome (MERS)

A

– Caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
– Common to SARS
▪ Severe acute respiratory syndrome
– 1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths
since 2014

63
Q

H1N1 influenza

A

– Also known as swine flu
– First detected in the United States in 2009
▪ Declared a pandemic, or worldwide large-scale
outbreak, by WHO in 2009

64
Q

Avian influenza A (H5N1)

A

– Influenza A virus
– Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
– Sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet
occurred

65
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

– 1950s: Penicillin resistance developed
– 1980s: Methicillin resistance
– 1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported
▪ VISA: vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
▪ VRSA: vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

66
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)

A

– Ebola virus
– Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
– Transmitted via contact with infected blood or body
fluids
– First identified near Ebola River, Congo
– 2014 outbreak in Guinea; over 28,000 infected
over 2 years, with 1/3 of those infected dead

67
Q

Marburg virus

A

– Causes hemorrhagic fever similar to Ebola
– First cases in laboratory workers in Europe who
handled African green monkeys from Uganda
– 13 outbreaks identified in Africa between 1975 and
2016
▪ Involving 1 to 252 people, with 57% mortality
– African fruit bats are the natural reservoir for the
virus (and also suspected of being the reservoir for
Ebola virus)

Micro (8 decks)

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