Unit 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of the structure of the human body
Define physiology
The Functions of the human body
Name the different levels of structural organization and
describe their relationships with each other
molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and organ systems combine to form organisms.
Define Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the body’s attempt to maintain a constant and balanced internal environment, which requires persistent monitoring
and adjustments as conditions change
How is Homeostatic regulation is monitored
Homeostatic regulation is monitored and adjusted by the receptor, the command center, and the effector.
Define matter and energy. Differentiate between potential energy and kinetic energy
Matter - is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Energy - is the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion
Potential energy - is the capability to do work or move(like a ball sitting at a top of a ramp)
Kinetic energy - is doing work through movement(like a ball rolling down the ramp).
Define element. What four elements are responsible for the bulk of body matter?
Chemical elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical bonds. consists of one or more atoms with the same atomic number.
The four elements is carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Define atom. List the subatomic particles, their charges, relative sizes, and location in the atom.
The smallest unit of matter that still retains its original properties.
Each atom is made up of protons and neutrons which are housed in the nucleus and electrons which surround the nucleus. Protons have a +1 charge and weigh lam. Electrons have a -1 charge and weigh Oamu. Neutrons have a 0 charge and wiegh 1 amU.
Identify atomic number, atomic mass, atomic weight, isotope, and radioisotope.
Atomic number- number of protons
Mass number- masses of the protons and neutrons
Isotopes- same element but different number of neutrons
Atomic Weight- the average relevant weight of all the isotopes
Radioisotope- Isotopes that decay over time
Some isotopes are radioactive used in medical imaging (nuclear medicine)
Define molecule. Differentiate between a molecule of an element and a molecule of a compound.
Molecule - Two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond.
Molecular elements are molecules that contain two or more atoms of the same element. Molecular compounds are molecules that have two or
more atoms of different elements
Define a chemical bond. Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding and their importance in the octet rule.
A chemical bond involves atoms combining to form chemical compounds and bring stability to the resulting product.
atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their outer electron shell
Differentiate between ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Differentiate between a polar and a nonpolar molecule
lonic: the gaining or losing of 1 or more electron ~ form because of the electrical force between oppositely charged ions (salts)
Covalent: 2 or more atoms share 1 or more pairs of elections (carbon dioxide)
Hydrogen: attraction between positive hydrogen and a negative hydrogen or oxygen of another polar molecule.
Polar: Uneven sharing of electrons
Non-Polar: Even the sharing of electrons
Explain what happens in a chemical reaction and discuss the four patterns of chemical reactions
synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and combustion.
Synthesis reactions create a single product from multiple reactants.
Decomposition reactions create multiple products from a single reactant.
Replacement reactions change one part of a compound with a new type
of atom or polyatomic ion
Define exergonic and endergonic reactions
Exergonic - A reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants; releases energy once completed. ( big to small)
Endergonic - A reaction in which the products have more energy than the reactants; requires the input of energy to proceed (small to big)
Discuss the factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions.
The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, including reactant concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts
Discuss the importance of water and its special properties.
Water absorbs heat without changing significantly in temperature itself.
Water cushions and protects the body’s structures.
Water acts as a lubricant between two adjacent surfaces.
Describe salts.
the term salt refers to any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds
Define acid, base, neutralization, and buffers. Explain the concept of PH
Acid - An acid is a hydrogen ion donor. when you place an acid in water, it splits apart into a hydrogen cation (H*) and an anion.
Base - A base is a hydrogen ion acceptor. When a base (also called an alkali; AL-kuh-lye) is mixed with water, the number of hydrogen ions in the solution decreases.
Neutralization - a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other.
Buffers - chemical systems that resist changes in pH and prevent
large swings in the pH when acid or base is added to a solution.
Concept of PH - A scale of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Describe the building blocks, general structures, and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Carbohydrates
BUILDING BLOCKS: 1. sugar 2. polysaccharides 3. fiber
STRUCTURE: mono, di, and polysaccharides ( many monomers), mainly containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Often in long chains.
FUNCTION: mainly used to give the body and cells energy to do what is necessary for the body
Describe the building blocks, general structures, and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
BUILDING BLOCKS: mix of fatty acids and Glycerol
STRUCTURES: Long triglycerides and phospholipids, which are three-tail and two-tail models made up mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Steroids.
FUNCTION: essential for proper digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. It is found in fatty acids, fat, waxes, and sterols/steroids.
Describe the building blocks, general structures, and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Protein
BUILDING BLOCKS amino acids
STRUCTURE: a linear molecule called a polypeptide chain comprises hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and, most of the time, nitrogen.
FUNCTION: It provides energy, but it is also used to build, strengthen, and replace things like tissue or other things in the body.
Describe the building blocks, general structures, and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Nucleic Acids
BUILDING BLOCKS: nucleotides (primarily aid in storing genetic information that wit & be later the basis for the manifestation of physical traits)
STRUCTURE: Polynucleotides are long chainlike molecules composed of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
FUNCTION: ( DNA: store genetic material RNA: synthesis of direct proteins )
Describe the four levels of protein structure
Primary protein structure - sequence of a chain of amino acids
Secondary protein structure - hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern.
Tertiary protein structure is the three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side-chain interactions.
Quaternary protein structure consists of more
than one amino acid chain.
Identify the role and function of enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.
Describe the function of molecular chaperones.
Molecular chaperones facilitate and regulate protein
conformational change within cells
Describe, compare, and contrast DNA and RNA
RNA and DNA are both made of nucleotides, sugars, and phosphate groups.
DNA is double-stranded and has thymine.
RNA is single-stranded and has uracil.
