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CHEM110 > 01 Matter & Energy > Flashcards

01 Matter & Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a subatomic particle

A

Particles that are smaller than an atom; among such particles protons, neutrons, and electrons are of special significance in chemistry

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2
Q

What are atoms composed of

A

Protons and neutrons held in the nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud

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3
Q

How are electrons and protons held together

A

By an attractive electrostatic force

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4
Q

Coulomb’s law

A

The force of interaction between two charged particles Q1 and Q2 is directly proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between the charges squared, where k is the coulomb constant
F = k(Q1Q2/d^2)

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5
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different number of neutrons

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6
Q

What are a, z and x standing for
A
X
Z

A

A: Mass number (protons + neutrons)
Z: Atomic number (protons)
X: atomic symbol

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7
Q

What is atomic weight

A

Average of the masses of all isotopes present
AW = (isotope mass) x (fractional natural abundance)

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8
Q

What is the law of conversion of mass

A

No atoms can be transformed into other atoms, and no atoms may be destroyed or created
- in chemical reactions the nuclei of atoms is unchanged

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9
Q

What is avgardos number

A

A conversion factor for relating grams to atomic mass units
The number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 is equal to 6.022 x 10^23: the number of particles in a mole of any surface

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10
Q

What is a mole

A

A collection containing avogadros number of objects

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11
Q

What is an anion

A

A negatively charged ion
(Gained an electron/s)

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12
Q

What is a cation

A

A positively charged ion
(Lost electrons)

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13
Q

Atoms combine to form…

A

Molecules or extensive solids

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14
Q

Molecular Compounds

A

A compound composed of atoms of two or mo

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15
Q

What is energy

A

The capacity to do work and transfer heat or the ability to make something happen

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16
Q

Potential energy

A

Related to the positioning of an object in relation to other objects

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17
Q

Kinetic

A

Related to the motion of objects

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18
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed (aka law of energy conversion)

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19
Q

Electrostatic

A

Relating to interactions (force and energy) of stationary charges or fields

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20
Q

Which energies dominate chemical processes

A

Kinetic energy of particle motion and electrostatic potential energy

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21
Q

Types of potential energy

A

Electrostatic, nuclear, or gravitational energy

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22
Q

What does the change in internal energy of a system result from

A

The exchange of heat or work with the surroundings

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23
Q

Internal energy of a system

A

The total energy associated with the system, the sum of all sources of kinetic and potential energy

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24
Q

Internal energy changes (ΔE)

A

(Usually more important)
Directly connected to a physical or a chemical process under consideration

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25
Q

Internal energy changes formula

A

ΔE = q + w

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26
Q

-q

A

Removing heat from a system

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27
Q

-w

A

Having the system do the work

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28
Q

ΔE > 0

A

Q > 0 - heat is added to the system
W > 0 - work is done on the system

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29
Q

ΔE < 0

A

Q < 0 - heat is removed from the system
W < 0 - work is done by the system

30
Q

What is a state function

A

Property that depends only on its present state of the system, and is independent of how the state was achieved
Examples: P(pressure), T(temperature), E(internal energy), and H(enthalpy)
Capital letters are used for state functions

31
Q

What is enthalpy

A

The heat exchanged with the surroundings under constant pressure

32
Q

In chemical and physical changes occuring under constant pressure, it is indeed quite common that the only work done by that system is due to…

A

Volume change

33
Q

Endothermic

A

ΔH > 0
A process in which the system absorbs heat
Q > 0

34
Q

Exothermic

A

ΔH < 0
Heat transfers to the surroundings
Q < 0

35
Q

What is light

A

An electromagnetic wave
The “purest” form of energy as it may exist “outside” of matter
- on one hand it is an electromagnetic wave traveling with an enormous speed
- on the other hand it interacts with matter as a stream of energy packets or photons

36
Q

What is a quantum

A

The smallest possible amount of a distinct quality

37
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two adjacent peaks or troughs

38
Q

The maximum amplitude of the waves is..

A

A measure of intensity of the radiation

39
Q

What is radiation

A

The emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of electromagnetic waves

40
Q

Frequency (v)

A

The number of cycles that pass a given point per second
Expressed as cycles per second or in hertz

41
Q

Properties of waves depends on

A

Their wavelengths

42
Q

Wavelength range of the visible light spectrum

A

400-750 nm

43
Q

Photons

A

What light is a stream of
Quantized energy packets

44
Q

Waves in order of increasing wavelength

A

Gamma rays < x-rays < UV rays < visible light < infrared < microwave < radio

45
Q

Which is more energetic, long waves or small waves

A

Short waves (large frequency)

46
Q

What is the photoelectric effect

A

The phenomenon in which only light of proper frequency can eject electrons from an illuminated metal surface

47
Q

What is black body radiation

A

When solids are heated they emit radiation. The distribution of wavelengths of these electromagnetic waves depends on the temperature of the solid
- lower temps: infared frequencies
- increasing temps: starts emitting visible light
- brown -> red->orange->yellow->white

48
Q

What do BBR and TPEE illustrate

A

That light can exhibit a “corpuscular” nature in its interaction with nature

49
Q

What is spectroscopy

A

The study of how light interacts with matter

50
Q

How does light interact with a clear object

A

All wavelengths of light are transmitted

51
Q

How does light interact with a colored solution

A

The light of that color is transmitted and the waves of the light of the color absorbed by the medium

52
Q

How does light interact with an opaque material

A

It reflects the wavelengths

53
Q

What happens when light is emitted

A

Wavelengths are given off by the system

54
Q

What is a spectrophotometer

A

A tool used to measure the absorption of light

55
Q

Light energy absorbed by atoms or molecules is converted into…

A

Various forms of kinetic or potential energy

56
Q

Changes that occur when gamma rays are absorbed

A

Ionizes atoms and molecules, breaks chemical bonds

57
Q

Changes that occur when x-rays are absorbed

A

Ionizes atoms and molecules, breaks chemical bonds

58
Q

Changes that occur when UV rays are absorbed

A

Ionizes atoms and molecules, breaks chemical bonds, promotes electrons to higher energy

59
Q

Changes that occur when visible light is absorbed

A

Promotes electrons to higher energy

60
Q

What changes occur when infrared rays are absorbed

A

Increases amplitude of vibrations

61
Q

Changes that occur when microwaves are absorbed

A

Increases speed of molecular rotations

62
Q

Changes that occur when radio waves are absorbed

A

Flips the nuclear spin

63
Q

What is the only way that the earth can transfer energy back to space

A

Radiation

64
Q

About how much incoming light is reflected back, out of the system into space

A

30%

65
Q

What percentage of incoming light is absorbed by molecules in the atmosphere

A

19%

66
Q

What percentage of incoming light reaches earths surface

A

51%

67
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

The “trapping” of energy close to the surface due to greenhouse

68
Q

What is global warming

A

A gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth due to an imbalance in earths energy cycle

69
Q

When a component color is absorbed by an object, what color does the object appear to be

A

The complementary color

70
Q

As temperature increases…

A

Increases: peak frequency, energy of the photon and light intensity
Decreases: peak wavelength

CHEM110 (9 decks)

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