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Biology - IGCSE > Reproduction in Plants > Flashcards

Reproduction in Plants Flashcards

1
Q

How does asexual reproduction work?

A
  • Does not involve sex cells or fertilisation
  • Only one parent is required
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2
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

A process resulting in genetically identical offsprings from one parent

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3
Q

What happens as a result to offsprings in asexual reproduction?

A

Genetically identical to the parent and one another

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4
Q

Give an example of asexual reproduction

A

Binary fission of bacteria

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5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Population can be increased rapidly when conditions are right.
  • can exploit suitable environments quickly
  • more time and energy efficient
  • completed much faster than sexual reproduction
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual repeoduction?

A
  • limited genetic variation in population
  • population is vulnerable to changes in condition and may only be suited for one habitat
  • disease is likely to affect whole population as there is no genetic variation.
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7
Q

Why is asexual reproduction in crop plants adavatagous?

A

A plant has good characteristics (High yield, disease resistant) can be made to reproduce asexually and the entire crop will show the same characteristics.

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8
Q

Define sexual reproduction.

A

A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote (fertilised egg cell) and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other.

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9
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

Fusion of gamete nuclei

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10
Q

Define gamete

A

A sex cell

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11
Q

How do gametes differ from normal cells?

A

Half the no. of chromosomes

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12
Q

How many chromosomes are contained in a zygote?

A

46

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13
Q

How many chromosomes does the nuclei of gamete consist?

A

23 (Haploid)

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14
Q

How many chromosomes does the zygote consist of ?

A

23 pairs (Diploid)

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15
Q

What are the adavantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • increases genetic variation
  • the species adapt to new environments due to variation
  • disease is less likely to affect population (due to variation).
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16
Q

What’s are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes time and energy to find mates
  • difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce.
17
Q

What is the advantage for crops that usually reproduce sexually?

A

Variation increases

Able to survive weather conditions

18
Q

What is the diadvantage for crops that usually reproduce sexually?

A

May lead to offsprings that are less successful than parent growing.

19
Q

What is the male gamete in a plant?

A

pollen

20
Q

What is the difference in male gamete from a human and a plant?

A

The plant one is not capable of locomotion

21
Q

What is the female gamete in a plant?

A

Stigma

22
Q

What are the 2 ways pollination takes place?

A

Insect pollinated
Wind pollinated

23
Q

What are the two types of wind pollination?

A
  • Self pollination
  • Cross pollination
24
Q

What is the difference in pollen grains repeoduced in insect pollination and wind pollination?

A

Insects:
- Small amounts
- large
- heavy
- spiky or hv hooks

Wind:
- large amounts
- small
- lightweight
- smooth

25
Q

Define fertilisation in terms of pollination.

A

Pollen nucleus fuses with an ovum nucleus

26
Q

Briefly name the steps it has to go through to fertilise in a flower.

A
  1. Stigma
  2. Style/pollen tube
  3. Ovary
  4. Ovules
27
Q

What are the factors that affect the germination of seeds?

A
  1. Water
  2. Oxygen
  3. Warmth
28
Q

How does water affect the germination of seeds?

A

Allows seed to swell up and the enzymes embryo to start working so that growth can occur

29
Q

How does the oxygen affect the germination of seeds?

A

so that energy can be released for germination.

30
Q

How does warmth affect the germination of seeds?

A

Germination improves as temp rises (up to max) as the reactions which take place are controlled by enzyme reactions.

31
Q

Define cross - pollination.

A

Pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same species.

32
Q

Define self pollination.

A

Pollen from flower lands on it’s own stigma or the stigma of another flower on the same plant.

33
Q

How is lack of variation a disadvantage?

A

Less likely organisms will adapt to suit new conditions.

34
Q

Define germination

A

It is the start of growth in the seed.

35
Q

Define pollination.

A

Transfer of the pollen grain to the stigma.

Biology - IGCSE (14 decks)

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