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AP Tignor 1 > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What must happen before specimens can be studied under microscope?

A

Specimen must be preserved and stained. Different parts of cells take up different dyes

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2
Q

acidic stains

A

negatively charged molecules

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3
Q

Basic stains

A

positively charged molecules

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4
Q

How are tissues stained for transmission electro microscopy? How does the stain work?

A

Heavy metal salts. Metals give contrast by deflecting electrons in the beams to different extents. Produces shades of grey because electron waves don’t have color.

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5
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A

3d pics of unsectioned tissue surface.

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6
Q

Artifacts

A

minor distortions in tissues caused by preservation

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7
Q

epithelial tissues

A

cover or line body cavities.

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7
Q

Types of epithelial tissues

A
  1. covering and lining membranes
  2. Glandular epithelium
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8
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A
  1. Makes outer layer of skin
  2. lines body cavities
  3. covers organs and walls of organs
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9
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Fashions glands of body

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10
Q

T/F: Nearly all substances received or given off by the body must pass through and epithelium

A

True

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11
Q

Roles of epithelium

A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Filtration
  4. excretion
  5. Secretion
  6. Sensory reception
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12
Q

Five distinguishing characteristics of epithelium

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissue
    4.Avascula but innervated
  4. Regeneration
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13
Q

What is Apical-Basal Polarity of epithelium?

A

has apical and basal layers

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14
Q

Apical surface

A

not attached to surrounding tissue. Exposed to either outside of body or cavity of internal organ

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15
Q

basal surface

A

attached to underlying connective tissue

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16
Q

Most apical surfaces have

A

microvilli

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17
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane. Increase surface area

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18
Q

Brush border

A

large amounts of microvilli found in absorbing or secreting tissues

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19
Q

cilia

A

tiny hailike projections that can help propel substances

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20
Q

basal lamina

A

noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet made of gycoproteins. Next to basal surface of epithelium. Filters which molecules from connective tissue can enter epithelium. Helps transport epithelial cells for wound repair

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21
Q

Specialized Contacts of epithelial tissue

A

except for glandular epithelium, epithelial cells fit cosely to make continous sheets. Joined by tight juctions and desmosomes.

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22
Q

All epithelial rest upon and are supported by ___________ tissue

A

connective

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23
Q

Basement membrane

A

Between epithelial and connective tissues

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24
Q

basement membrane purpose

A
  1. helps resist stretching and tearing
  2. Defines epithelial boundary
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25
Q

parts of basement membrane

A

basal and reticular lamina

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26
Q

reticular lamina

A

layer of extracellular material. Has fine layer of fine collagen proteins

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27
Q

Important characteristic of cancerous epithelial cells?

A

They can’t respect the basement membrane boundary and penetrate tissues underneath

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28
Q

What does avascular but innervated mean?

A

No blood vessels, but it does have nerve fibers.

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29
Q

What gives epithelial cells nourishment?

A

Blood vessels in connective tissues

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30
Q

Regeneration of epithelial tissue

A

highly regenerative.

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31
Q

What causes epithelial cells to regenerate?

A

exposure to friction, destruction of apical basal polarity and lateral contacts

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32
Q

Simple epithelia

A

single cell layer

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33
Q

Where is simple epithelia found?

A

where absorption, filtration and secretion occur

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34
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other. Where protection is important. Skin surface, lining of mouth.

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35
Q

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

A

flat disc like, cube shaped, column shaped

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36
Q

stratified epithelia are named after

A

shape of cells in apical layer

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37
Q

Stratified epithelia naming convention

A

shape of cells in apical layer

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38
Q

Endothelium

A

inner covering. Single layer of squamous cells that line the walls of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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39
Q

Mesothelium

A

Found in serous membranes lining ventral body cavity and covering its organs

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40
Q

capillaries consist exclusively of

A

endothelium

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41
Q

functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption. Ducts of glands and kidney tubules

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42
Q

Simple columnar epithelium function

A

absorption and secretion. has dense microvilli on absorbative cells. Has tubular glands that secrete mucus containing intestinal juice. Some have cilia that move substances along

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43
Q

Where to find simple columnar epithelium

A

lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum.

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44
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

A

secretes or absorbs substances. lines most of respiratory tract

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45
Q

Most widespread of the stratified epithelium?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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46
Q

describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

free squamous surface cells, cells of deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar.

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47
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found

A

wear and tear. External surface of skin extends a little into every body opening that is continous with the skin. Outer layer is keratinized.

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48
Q

Keratinized

A

surface cells contain keratin

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49
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium found in

A

ducts of larger glands. Swaet glands and mammary glands. Rare. two layers of cuboidal cells

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50
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium location

A

limited distribution. Pharynx, male urethra, lining glandular ducts. Transition areas, junctions between other types of epithelia. Only apical layer is columnar

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51
Q

Transitional epthelium

A

forms lining of hollow urinary organs. stretches. Apical cell shape varies on degree of distension

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52
Q

Gland

A

one or more cells that secrete a particular product

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53
Q

aqueous fluid that contains proteins. Comes from glands. Can release lipid or steroid rich secretions

A

secretion

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54
Q

Is secretion passive or active

A

active

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55
Q

secretion can refer to

A

both the glad’s product and the process of making the product

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56
Q

How are glands classified?

A

endocrine and exocrine & unicellular or multicellular

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57
Q

which glands are scattered within epithelial sheets

A

unicellular

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58
Q

which glands form by invagination “inward growth” of an epithelial sheet into connective tissue

A

multicellular

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59
Q

How are exocrine glands formed?

A

retain connecting cells, which form a duct that transports secretions to the epithelial surface

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60
Q

endocrine glands formation

A

lose ducts during development. Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid. These hormones then enter the blood.

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61
Q

Which are ductless glands and why?

A

endocrine glands are “ductless”. They lose their ducts during development.

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62
Q

How do endocrine glands respond?

A
  1. Make hormones and put them out through exocytosis,
  2. Hormones go into blood or lymphatic fluid and travel to targets.
    ex. hormones made by intestinal cells cause pancreas to release enzymes
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63
Q

diffuse endocrine system

A

hormone producing cells can be scattered such as those in digestive tract or in brain

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64
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities. secretions are carried to a site via a duct. .

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65
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless, empty their hormonal products into blood

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66
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucous cells and goblet cells, in intestinal and respiratory tract

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67
Q

mucin

A

made by unicellular exocrine cells. dissolves in water to form mucus

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68
Q

goblet cells

A

make mucous

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69
Q

multicellular exocrine glands parts

A
  1. epithelium derived duct
  2. secretory unit surrounded by supportive connective tissue. Forms fibrous capsule that divides gland into lobes
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70
Q

Structral classification of multicellular exocrine glands

A

simple
compound

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71
Q

simple multicellular exocrine glands

A

unbranched duct

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72
Q

compound multicellular exocrine glands

A

branched duct

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73
Q

tubular glands

A

secretory cells form tubes

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74
Q

alveolar/acinar glands

A

secretory cells form small sacs

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75
Q

merocrine glands

A

produce secretions intermittenly; secretions don’t accumulate in gland. Products are secreted by exocytosis as they are produced

“merely secrete”

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76
Q

which glands are merocrine glands

A

pancreas, most sweat glands, salivary glands

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77
Q

holocrine glands

A

accumulate products until they rupture. Replaced by division of underlying cells

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78
Q

holocrine gland secretions include

A

synthesized product + dead cell fragments.

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79
Q

example of holocrine glands

A

sebaceous glands

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80
Q

apocrine glands

A

accumulate products but just beneath free surface. eventually, apex of cell pinches off. Releasing secretory granules and cytoplasm. Cell repairs damage and it repeats. Maybe mammary gland lactation

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81
Q

Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

A

connective tissue

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82
Q

major functions of connective tissue

A
  1. binding and supporting
  2. protecting (skeleton)
  3. insulating
  4. storing reserve fuel (fat)
  5. transporting substances within the body (blood)
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83
Q

Common characteristics of connective tissues

A
  1. Extracellular matrix
  2. common origin
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84
Q

extracellular matrix

A

nonliving. Made of ground substance and fibers; separates living cells

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85
Q

Extracellular matrix function

A

bear weight, withstand tension, bear physical trauma and abrasion

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86
Q

common origin of connective tissue

A

all connective tissues come from the mesenchyme (embryonic tissue)

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87
Q

t/f different connective tissues have different vascular supplies

A

true. Cartilage is avascular, dense connective is poorly vascularized,

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88
Q

three main components of connective tissues

A

ground substance, fibers and cells

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89
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

“prototype” connective tissue

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90
Q

ground substance

A

unstructured material that fills the space between cells . Contains fibers. Has 3 components.

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91
Q

interstitial fluid

A

Large amounts of fluid found in space around cells. Acts as molecular sieve through which nutrients and dissolved substances can diffuse between blood capillaries and the cells

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92
Q

Cell adhesion proteins

A

connective tissue glue lets connective tissue cells to attach to extracellular matrix

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93
Q

Proteoglycans

A

has protein core. Large plysaccharides (glycoaminoglycans) are attached. chondroitin sulfate and hyluronic acid stick out of protein core, like fibers of a bottle brush. GAGs trap water. The higher GAG content, the more viscous the ground substance.

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94
Q

Connective tissue fibers

A

proteins that provide support. Collagen, elastic, reticular

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95
Q

strongest and most abundant connective tissue fibers

A

collagen

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96
Q

collagen fibers

A

extremely tough, high tensile strength. Made by cross-linked fibrils wound together. Stronger than steel

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97
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Fiber made from elastin protein, gives rubbery and resilient quality to matrix

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98
Q

Elastic fibers found in

A

Skin, lungs and blood vessel walls

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99
Q

reticular fibers

A

short, fine fibers. Mafe of different collagen. Branch extensively to make networks. Surround small blood vessels, support soft tissue organs. most common where connective tissue is close to other tissue types

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100
Q

-blast

A

immature

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101
Q

-cyte

A

mature

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102
Q

fibroblasts

A

Young, actively mitotic cells that makes fibers of connective tissue

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103
Q

fibrocytes

A

Mature fibroblast; maintains matrix of fibrous connective tissue

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104
Q

chondroblasts

A

mitotically active cell of cartilage

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105
Q

Chondrocytes

A

mature cell of cartilage

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106
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

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107
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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108
Q

can cells revert back to blast form?

A

yes, usually in case of injury

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109
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

blood forming cell; not located in blood; doesn’t make plasma matrix of that tissue

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110
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells

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111
Q

WBCs

A

tissue response to injury

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112
Q

mast cells

A

cluster along blood vessels. detect microorganisms, initiate local inflammatory response

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113
Q

mast cell cytoplasm contains

A

granules

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114
Q

What do granules contain?

A

chemicals that mediate inflammation, especially in severe allergies

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115
Q

Heparin

A

anticoagulant chemical. Prevents blood clotting when free in bloodstream. Human mast cells regulate action of other mast cell chemicals

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116
Q

Histamine

A

makes capillaries leaky

117
Q

proteases

A

protein degrading enzymes

118
Q

macrophages

A

devour foreign material. Large

119
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

star shaped.Mde during early weeks of embryonic development. some remain to provide a new source of cells in new connective tissues

120
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

all mature connective tissues except for bone, cartilage and blood

121
Q

loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

122
Q

dense connective tissues

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

123
Q

most widely distributed connective tissue in the body

A

Areolar connective tissue. Most widely distributed connective tissue in the body. universal packing material

124
Q

Which connective tissue binds body parts togetherwhile allowing them to move freely over one another?

A

Areolar connective tissue

125
Q

What is the connective tissue that most epithelia rest on?

A

Areolar connective tissue

126
Q

which tissue is present in all mucous membranes as the lamina propia?

A

Areolar connective tissue

127
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

Loose network of reticular fibers in gel-like ground substance. fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types. Including WBCs, mast cells, macrophages.

128
Q

Location of loose reticular connective tissue

A

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

129
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

parallel collagen fibers Made of fibroblasts.

130
Q

Function of dense regular connective tissue

A

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles. attaches bones to bones. Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

131
Q

location of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

132
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; fibroblast is major cell type

133
Q

function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

134
Q

location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibrous capsule of organs and joints; dermis of skin; submucosa of the digestive tract

135
Q

dense elastic connective tissue description

A

high proportion of elastic fibers

136
Q

function of dense elastic connective tissues

A

allows tissue to recoil after stretching. Maintains pulsatile of blood flow through arteries. passive recoil of lungs

137
Q

Location of desnse elastic connective tissue

A

Walls of arteries. Within ligaments associated with the vertebral column. Within walls of bronchial tubes

138
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

imperceptible network made by chondroblasts

139
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cchion ; resists compressive stress.

140
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

ends of long bones, embryonic skeleton. Coatal cartilages. cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx

141
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix

142
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

maintains shape of a structurewhile allowing great flexibility

143
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

supports pinna and epiglottis

144
Q

fibrocratilage

A

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage. Thick collagen fibers predominate

145
Q

Function of fibrocratilage

A

tensile strength lets it absorb compresive shock

146
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis, disc of knee joints

147
Q

bone

A

hard, calcified matrix, containing many collagen fibers. Osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.

148
Q

function of bone

A

supports and protects. Provides levers for muscles to act on

149
Q

Blood connective tissue

A

Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes. within blood vessels

150
Q

functions of areolar connective tissue

A

-supporting and binding other tissues (job of the fibers)

-holding body fluids (ground substance’s role)

-defending against infection. (Activity of WBCs and macrophages)

-storing nutrients in adipocytes

151
Q

holds more fluid than the entire bloodstream

A

areolar connective tissue

152
Q

all body cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into

A

tissue fluid

153
Q

Flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped

A

fibroblasts

154
Q

Why is the ground subtsance of areolar connective tissue viscous?

A

high concentration of hayluronic acid

155
Q

Adipose tissue highly vascularized yes or no?

A

yes

156
Q

How much of the body is adipose tissue in the average person?

A

18%

157
Q

Adipocytes are what percentage of adipose tissue?

A

90%

158
Q

adipose tissue accumulates where?

A

where areolar connective tissue is plentiful, but usually in subcutaneous tissue

159
Q

What does adipose tissue do ?

A

shock absorber, insulation, energy storage. Prevents heat loss from body

160
Q

Other sites where fat accumulates

A

around kidneys, behind eyeballs, abdomen and hips

161
Q

large fat deposits serve, small fat deposits serve

A

entire body, needs of highly active organs(heart, lymph nodes, muscles, bone marrow)

162
Q

white fat

A

nutrients for other cells

163
Q

brown fat

A

abundant mitochondria, use lipid fuels to generate heat instead of generating ATP. Heat produced warms rest of body.

164
Q

brown fat locations

A

babies who can’t shiver

in adults: collarbones, neck, abdomen, around spine

165
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

connective tissue with a fine network of fibers. Make internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs

166
Q

in which direction is tension distributed in dense regular connective tissue

A

single

167
Q

What is between collagen in dense regular connective tissue

A

rows of fibroblasts

168
Q

is dense regular connective tissue vascularized?

A

no

169
Q

What does dense regular connective tissue make

A

tendons
aponeuroses
ligaments

170
Q

Tendons

A

cords that attach muscles to bones

171
Q

Aponeuroses

A

flat, sheet-like tendons that attach muscles to other muscles or to bones

172
Q

Ligaments

A

bind bones together at joints. More elastic fibers than tendons. Slightly more stretchy

173
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

where tension is exerted from many directions. Found in the skin as leathery dermis. Forms fibrous joint capsules and fibrous coverings that surround some organs.

174
Q

what two things does cartilage resist?

A

tension and compression

175
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients

A

diffusion from blood vessels located in the connective tissue layer.

176
Q

What percentage of cartilage is water?

A

80%

177
Q

What lets cartilage “bounce back”?

A

fluid matrix. Also helps nourish cells

178
Q

gristle or hyaline cartilage

A

most abundednt cartilage in the body. Loots of collage fibers. Not apparent, matrix appears glassy. 1-10% chondrocytes.

179
Q

epiphyseal plates

A

actively growing regions near ends of long bones

180
Q

elastic cartilage

A

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

181
Q

What happens to cartilage during old age

A

loses ability to divide. Injured cartilage heals slowly. Old cartilage can ossify

182
Q

lacunae

A

house osteocytes. Make up the matrix

183
Q

makes organic portion of bony matrix

A

osteoblasts

184
Q

osteons

A

look like tree rings. Concentric rings of bony matrix.lamellae. surrounding central canals. Central canals contain blood vessels and nerves

185
Q

Why is blood considered a connective tissue?

A

comes from mesenchyme. Consists of blood cellssurrounded by matrix called plasma

186
Q

Most blood cells are

A

red blood cells

187
Q

Are muscle tissues well vascularized or poorly vascularized?

A

well vascularized

188
Q

Which tissues are responsible for most types of body movement

A

muscle tissues

189
Q

myofilaments

A

filament that makes myofibrils. Made of actin and myosin

190
Q

muscle fiber is aka

A

muscle cell

191
Q

is skeletal muscle striated or non-striated? uni-nucleate or multinucleate

A

striated, multinucleate

192
Q

appearance of cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated, uninucleate, involuntary

193
Q

smooth muscle appearance

A

spindle shaped, central nuclei, no striations

194
Q

intercalated discs

A

special connections between cardiac muscle cells that have gap junctions and desmosomes

195
Q

smooth muscle is found in

A

walls of hollow organsother than heart.Digestive and urinary tract organs, uterus, blood vessels. squeezes substances by contracting and relaxing

196
Q

neurons

A

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

197
Q

dendrites

A

respond to stimuli

198
Q

axons

A

transmit electrical impulses over subtsancial distances within body

199
Q

neuroglia

A

nonconducting cells that support, insulate and protect neurons

200
Q

types of covering and lining membranes

A

cutaneous, mucous, serous

201
Q

covering and lining membranes have two parts

A

epithelium bound to a connective tissue proper

202
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin. made of keratinized squamous epitheliumattached to thick later of connective tissue. Epidermis and dermis.

203
Q

mucous membranes

A

line body cavities that are open to exterior

204
Q

serous membranes

A

line cavities closed to exterior

205
Q

mucosa does not refer to cell composition, t/f?

A

t. Most have squamous or simple columnar epithelia

206
Q

Lamina propia

A

loose connective tissue supporting an epithelium; part of a mucous membrane (mucosa)

207
Q

mucous membranes adapted for

A

absorption and secretion. Some secrete mucous, but it is not a requirement. The one of urinary tract does not.

208
Q

serosa membranes layers

A

visceral layer and parietal layer. Simple squamous epithelium on thin areolar connective tissue.

209
Q

How is serous fluid made?

A

mesothilial cells add hyauronic acid to the fluid that filters from the capillaries in the connective tissue. Results in thiin clear serous fluid . lets layers slide against eachother

210
Q

pleurae

A

line thoracic wall and cover lungs

211
Q

pericardium

A

encloses heart

212
Q

peritoneum

A

encloses abdominopelvic viscera

213
Q

inflammatory response

A

nonspecific reaction, develops where tissues are injures

214
Q

growth factors

A

wound hormones, stimulates cells to divide and migrate

215
Q

regeneration

A

replace destroyed tissue with same kind of tissue

216
Q

Fibrosis

A

replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue (dense connective tissue)

217
Q

factors that determine whether regeneration or fibrosis

A

type of tissue damaged and severity of injury.

218
Q

what happens during inflammation

A

trauma causes injured tissue cells, mast cells and others to release inflamatory chemicals. wbcs, clotting proteinsand plasma proetins seal injured area. scab forms

219
Q

What happens during organization stage of tissue repair

A
  1. clot replaced by fragile capillaries, restores vascular supply.
  2. Fibroblasts produce growth factors and collagen fibers that bridge the gap. Fibroblasts destroy themselves when done
  3. macrophages destroy debris
  4. surface epithelium move over fragile granulation tissue
220
Q

What happens during the regeneration and fibrosis phase?

A
  1. fibrosed area pulls margin of wound together
  2. Epithelium thickens under scab and detaches
  3. fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue results. Depends on severity of wound
221
Q

granulation tissue

A

delicate pink tissue . Contains capillaries from nearby areas. create a new capillary bed. The fragility of granulation tissue is why people bleed when someone picks at a scab

222
Q

simple infections heal by

A

regeneration (pimple or sore throat)

223
Q

Severe infections

A

lead to clot formation or scarring

224
Q

Which tissues regenerate well

A

epithelial tissues, bone, areolar, dense irregular connective tissue, blood forming tissue

225
Q

moderate capacity of regeneration

A

smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue

226
Q

weak regenerative capacity

A

skeletal muscle and cartilage

227
Q

no functional regenerative capacity

A

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord. (routinely replaced by scar tissue)

228
Q

What happens to fibrous mass over time?

A

Becomes pale and compact. can’t do functions of tissue it replaced.

229
Q

Why is scar tissue bad in certain organs?

A

inhibits function
reduces internal volume. prevent substances from moving through the organ. prevent it from receiving signals.

230
Q

What happens if scar tissue in heart

A

muscle’s ability to contact is damaged, can lead to progressive heart failure.

231
Q

What happens in irritated visceral organs following abdominal surgery

A

adhesions, scar tissues connects organs together. prevent intestine from churning. immobolize joints

232
Q

cancer

A

sequence of alterations turn normal cell to killer

233
Q

neoplasm

A

caused by unregulated cell division. abnormal mass of proliferating cells

234
Q

benign neoplasms

A

stay in one place

235
Q

malignant neoplasms

A

cancers, spread to other organs

236
Q

often encapsulated, grows slowly

A

benign neoplasm (seldom kills host)

237
Q

which neoplasm has cells that resemble immature cells that grow relentlessly

A

malignant neoplasms

238
Q

metastasis

A

travel via blood or lymph to make secondary cancer masses

239
Q

effects of cancer cells

A

weight loss, tissue wasting. Contribute to death

240
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

changes in dna (mutations)

241
Q

defenses against carcinogens

A
  1. liver deactivates many carcinogens
  2. DNA repair mechanisms
  3. immune system cells
242
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer causing genes

243
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

benign forms of oncogenes in normal cells.

244
Q

Proto-oncogenes code for

A

proteins essential for cell division, cellular growth and cellular adhesion

245
Q

What causes a protooncogene to turn into an oncogene?

A

fragile sites break off when exposed to carcinogens. May switch on dormant genes that allow cells to become invasive and metastasize

246
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

act as breaks. Products of their genes inhibit cell growth and division.

247
Q

Over half of all cancers involve the loss of

A

tp53

248
Q

TP53 function

A

codes for a protein that stops cell division in cells whose DNA has been damaged. If damage cannot be repairedthe protein triggers apoptosis

249
Q

Are cancers genetically distinct?

A

yes

250
Q

Human cancers share what?

A

mutations in a common set of key pathways controlling cell growth and cell division. The seeds of cancer are in our own genes

251
Q

adenoma

A

neoplasm of glandular epitelium

252
Q

How many people develop cancer in US and canada?

A

Almost half of all people and 1/5 die from it

253
Q

Leukoplakia

A

white patches in mouth caused by the chronic irritation of ill-fitting dentures. Lesions may progress to canceror may revert to normal if irritant is removed.

254
Q

mammography

A

x ray examination of breast tissue for cancer cells

255
Q

Ways to test for cancer

A

examine testicles for lumps, examine blood for cancer markers, check fecal samples for blood

256
Q

biopsy

A

surgically removing a tissue sample and examining it microscopically for malignant cells.

257
Q

How are biopsy tissues tested?

A

chemical or genetic analysis of sample. Checking to see which genes are on or off

258
Q
A
259
Q

Polyp

A

small, benign growth of mucosal cells.

260
Q

Common areas for cancer to originate from

A

skin, colon, lung, breast, prostate

261
Q

How is cancer treated?

A

Surgically, followed by irradiation and chemotherapy.

262
Q

How does interrupting the signaling pathways work?

A

Can determine which signaling pathways are disrupted and select appropriate drugs to target those pathways in an individual’s particular cancer.

263
Q

How does cancer immunotherapy work?

A

Antibodies that block specific receptors on cancer cells. Various methods to activate the immune system to kill cancer cells

264
Q

Primary germ layers

A

One of first parts of embryonic development: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

265
Q

ectoderm

A

makes epidermis, skin and nervous tissues

266
Q

mesoderm

A

makes skeleton and muscles

267
Q

endoderm

A

embryonic germ layer. Makes lining of digestive tube and associated structures

268
Q

When have all primary tissues appeared?

A

end of second month of development

269
Q

Which cells remain mitotic and produce the rapid growth that occurs before birth?

A

tissue cells

270
Q

When does the division of nerve cells stop?

A

During the fetal period

271
Q

Which tissues are highly mitotic in adults?

A

Epithelial and blood forming tissues

272
Q

How do glandular cells of liver regenerate?

A

Division of mature, specialized cells

273
Q

Which tissues have abundant stem cells

A

Epidermis of skin,
Lining of intestine

274
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that divide to produce various kinds of more specialized cell types

275
Q

When a DNA mutations more likely?

A

During advanced age

276
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium

277
Q

Autopsy

A

Examination of the body, it’s organs, it’s tissues to determine cause of death. Aka necropsy

278
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer that arises in epithelium, 90% of human cancers

279
Q

Healing by first intention

A

Simplest type of healing. Edges of wound are joined bu sutures or staples. Only small amounts of granulation tissues are formed

280
Q

Healing by second intention

A

Wound edges remain separated, large amounts of granulation tissues bridge gap. How unattended wounds heal. Slower than attended. Larger scars

281
Q

Keloid

A

Abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds. Causes big scar mass

282
Q

Lesion

A

Injury that affects tissue over a specific size

283
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Genetic disease.. abnormal connective tissues due to fibrillin problems. Loose jointedness, long limbs, spider-like fingers and toes, visual problems, weakened blood vessels (especially aorta). Poor connective tissue reinforcement

284
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Brittle bone disease
Defective collagen production
Weak bones that break easily. 30 or more fractures during lifetime 1/20000 births

285
Q

Pathology

A

Scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease

286
Q

Pus

A

Tissue fluid, bacteria, dead and dying tissue cells, WBCs, macrophages in inflamed area

287
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer in mesenchyme derived tissues. Connective tissues and muscle

288
Q

Scurvy

A

Lack of vitamin c needed to make collagen..blood vessel disruption, delay in wound healing, weakness of scar tissue, loosening of teeth

289
Q

VAC

A

Vacuum assisted closure

Healing practice for open skin wounds and skin ulcers. Induces healing when all other methods fail. Covering wound with special sponge and sucking through sponge. Because the skin stretches, fibroblasts make more collagen and new blood vessels are formed . More blood into injured area which promotes healing

AP Tignor 1 (29 decks)

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