PSYC - Midterm 1 Flashcards
What does a clinical psychologist do?
- research
- assessment
- diagnosis
- prevention
- treatment
- program evaluation
- consultation
Define Psychological Assessmen
assessment is the systemic evaluation and measurement of :
- symptoms
- possible causal factors for symptoms
What 3 psychometric characteristics determine the quality of an assessment tool?
- Reliability: degree to which measurement is consistent
- interrater reliability = btwn clinicians
- test-retest reliability = when testis administered to twice to the same person
- internal reliability = diff parts of the test give similar results
- alternate form reliability = 2 version of the test give similar results - Validity: degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure
- face validity = test appears to measure what it supposed to
- content validity = test covers breadth of symptoms
- predictive validity = test predicts the behavior it measures
concurrent validity = test gives same results as similar measures of the behavior thoughts, emotions
- construct validity = measures what its supposed to - Standardization: application of standards to ensure consistency of measurement
What are the 5 categories of the Beck Depression Inventory
- Face Validity
- Content Validity
- Predictive Validity
- Concurrent Validity
- Construct Validity
Categorical vs Dimensional System
categorical
- is the disorder present/absent
dimensional
- rank in scale
Anxiety Vs Fear
Fear
- present-oriented mood state, marked negative effect
- immediate fight or flight response to danger or threat
- strong alarm and escape behavior
- involves abrupt activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Anxiety
- future oriented mood state characterized by negative affect
- somatic symptoms of tension
- apprehension about future danger or misfortune
- behavioral inhibition
Panic disorder - characteristics
Characteristics - need 4
1. palpitations, pounding heart
2. sweating
3. trembling or shaking
4. shortness of breath or smothering
5. feeling of chocking
6. chest pain
7. feeling dizzy or faint
8. numbing or tingling sensation
9. chills or heat flashed
10. derealization, depersonalization
11. fear of losing control
12. fear of dying
Panic Disorder Criteria
A) unexpected panic attack
b) 1+ month(S) of the followign:
- concern about additional attacks or worry about consequences
- change in behavior related to attacks
c) panic not due to medical condition or drugs
d) distinct from other anxiety/mental disorders
e) clinically significant distress/impairment
biological
- genetic = family and twin studies suggest genetic vulnerability
- Ne poorly regulated by locus coeruleus
psychological
- cognitive vulnerabilities = high interoceptive awareness of anxiety cues
- behavioral vulnerabilities = avioding situations associated with panic
Treatment
- CBT
- Panic control therapy
- exposure
- cognitive restructuring (reinterpretation of the physical sensations
- relaxation training
Agoraphobia
A) fear of 2+ of the following situations:
- public transpo
- open spaces
- enclosed spaces
- standing in line or being in a crowd
- being outside the home alone
b) concerns about escape, obtaining help, or negative consequences
c) situations consistently provoke fear
d) avoidance of agoraphobic situation, or endured with sever anxiety, require a safety companion
e) disproportionate fear in relation to situation and cultural context
f) last 6+ months
g) causes significant distress and/or impairment
h) not due to a medical condition
I) not better explained by something else
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a) excessive uncontrollable anxious apprehension and worry about life events in several areas. more days than not, 6+ months
b) difficulty controlling worry
c) anxiety associated with 3+ of the following symptoms
- restlessness
- easily fatigued
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbace
d) clinically sig impairement
e) not other condition
biological factors
- neurotransmitters = GABA deflict
- genetics
cognitive factors
- believe worry is helpful
- worry is a form of cognitive avoidance
treatment =CBT
-worry exposure
- stimulus control = restrict worry to specific time
- address bias in thinking
medications
- antidepressant
- Xanax
Specific Phobias
a) marked fear or anxiety about a phobia object or situation
b) phobic object consistently evokes fear
c) avoid object or endure with extreme distress
d) fear /anxiety is out of proportion
f) 6+ months
g) clin sig
h) distinct
catagories
- animal
- BII
- situational
- natural environment
- other
etiology
- evolutionary (heights)
- cognative (over estimate danger)
- behavioral (avoidance learning)
treatment
- behavior therapy, exposure
- cogntive therapy - cognitive restructuring
social anxiety disorder
a) fear of social situations in which the person is exposed to scrutiny of other, extreme and irrational
- fear of embarrassment/humiliation
b) fear of negative evaluation
c) consistency of provoked fear
d) avoid social situation / endure with stress
e) disproportionate
f) 6+ months
g) clin sig
h) distinct
etiology
- biological vulnerability
- evolutionary vulnerability
meds
- beta blockers
- MAOIS, tricyclic antodepressants
CBT
- exxposure
- cognitive therapy - challenge beliefs
OCD
a) presence of obsessions or compulsions
b) time consuming 1+ hour ddaily or impairement
c) distict
cognitive
- maladaptive metacognitive beliefs
- thought action fusion
behavioral
- compulsions are negatively inforced
neurbiological model
- serotin?
- frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, cinguate gyrus overactivation / dysregulation
behavioral therapy
- exposure and response therapy
conitive therapy
- redice neg appraisals and thoughts
PTSD
a) exposure to traumatic event
b) intrusive symptoms
c) avoidance
d) neg alterations in cognition/mood
e) increase arousal/reactivity
