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PHGY - Midterm > PHGY 1 > Flashcards

PHGY 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: All endocrine tissue secretes hormones

A

T

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2
Q

Define: Hormone

A

Hormone: a chemical substance that is secreted directly into the blood at low quantities, and exerts a physiological effect at a distant target tissue

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3
Q

What are the 2 categories of hormones?

A

-Hydrophilic
- Lipophilic

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4
Q

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic or lipophilic

A

hydrophilic

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5
Q

Define
Peptide:
Protein:
Amine:

A

Define
Peptide: short chains of aa
Protein: long chains of aa
Amines: hormones based on single aa

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6
Q

What are all steroid hormones synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

Since all the steroid hormones are produced by cholesterol how do they determine which is made?

A

The type of hormone produced depends on the specific enzymes within the cells of that tissue

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8
Q

How are steroid hormones regulated?

A

Bc steroid hormones are lipophilic, they are released as they are stored, therefore, they are controlled by synthesis

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9
Q

What is - peptide hormones - primary mode of transport

A

peptide hormone = dissolved in blood

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10
Q

What is - steroid hormones - primary mode of transport

A

steroid hormones = bound to carrier molecules or proteins

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11
Q

What is - thyroid hormones - primary mode of transport

A

thyroid hormones = bound to carrier molecules or proteins

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12
Q

What is - cactecholamines - primary mode of transport

A

catecholamines = 50% are found free in plasma, 50% are bound to protiens

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13
Q

what is required for hormones to exhibit their desired effect

A

Hormones must be unbound to interact wit a receptor

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14
Q

What do hormones bind?

A

receptors

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15
Q

what are the 2 second messenger pathways of peptide hormones and catecholamines?

A
  • cAMP
  • calcium
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16
Q

In the second messenger pathway, cAMP, what phosphorylates the target?

A

kinase A

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17
Q

In the second messenger pathway, calcium, what phosphorylates the target?

A

CaM kinase

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18
Q

Do the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland communicate with each other?

A

NO

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19
Q

Describe the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland:
- Comprised of neural-like tissues and is sometimes called the “neurohypophysis’
Anterior Pituitary Gland:
- Comprised of glandular epithelial tissues and is also called the “adenohypophysis”

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20
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the:

Posterior Pituitary Lobe:

Anterior Pituitary Lobe:

A

Posterior Pituitary Lobe:
- The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by a neural pathways
- Within the hypothalamus there are two well-defined clusters of neurons, called the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus
- Axons from these nuclei project down the pituitary stalk and terminate on blood vessels in the posterior pituitary

Anterior Pituitary Lobe:
- The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by a unique vascular link: the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
- The hypothalamus secretes hormones into this portal system and they are carried directly to the anterior pituitary where they either inhibit or promote the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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21
Q

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to to ____

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to to anterior pituitary lobe

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22
Q

Are hormones produced in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

No, hormones are synthesized in the neuron cells bodies located in the hypothalamus, then packaged into vesicles which are transported down the axons to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary

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23
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary - describe

A

Vasopressin:
- Aka antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has 2 major actions:
1. Enhancing the retention of water by the kidneys
2. Causes contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle

Oxytocin:
- Two major roles:
1. Stimulating contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells during childbirth
2. Promoting milk ejection during breastfeeding

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24
Q

Name and describe the 6 hormones synthesized in the pituitary gland?

A

GH - Growth hormone
- responsible for regulating overall body growth, involved in metabolism

ACTH - Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
- Stimulates secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

LH - Luteinizing hormone
- In females
□ LH is responsible for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
□ Also stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries
- In males
□ Stimulates the release of testosterone from the interstitial cells of Leydig

TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- Stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland

FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- In females
□ Stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes secretion of estrogen by the ovaries
- In males
□ FSH is required for sperm production

PRL - Prolactin
- In females
□ Enhances breast development and milk production
- In males
□ Present but physiological purpose is not clear
- only anterior pituitary hormone that’s not trophic

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25
Name the hypothalamic hormones and the anterior pituitary hormones they influence
○ TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Stimulates the release of TSH and prolactin GnRH - Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Stimulates the release of FSH and LH ○ GHIH - Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone: Inhibits the release of growth hormone and TSH ○ CRH - Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Stimulates the release of ACTH (corticotropin) ○ GHRH - Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone - Stimulates the release of growth hormone ○ PRH - Prolactin-Releasing Hormone - Stimulates the release of prolactin ○ PIH - Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone: Inhibits the release of prolactin
26
How are hypothalamic hormones inhibited/stimulates
They respond to both neuronal and hormonal inputs
27
Describe the general chain of command for hypothalamic hormones
1. hypothalamic hormone is released into portal system 2. travels to the pituitary gland to regulate the output of a trophic hormone 3. Trophic hormone is transported by the systemic circulation to its target endocrine gland 4. regulated the secretion of the third hormone which produces the physiological effect
28
In response to stress the hypothalamus increases its secretion of:
In response to stress the hypothalamus increases its secretion of: corticotropin-releasing hormone
29
Corticotropin-releasing hormone then stimulates the ___ pituitary to release ____
Corticotropin-releasing hormone then stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone
30
ACTH acts on the adrenal _____ to release _____
ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
31
Cortisol then acts in a negative feedback fashion to reduce the secretion of regulatory hormones from the ____ and ____
Cortisol then acts in a negative feedback fashion to reduce the secretion of regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
32
What aa does the thyroid use? What does it produce?
- They thyroid uses the aa tyrosine to produce tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - T4 is converted to T3
33
Why is iodine important?
Is needed to produce thyroid hormone
34
How long does it take for thyroid hormones to take effect?
- hours, then lasts for days even after plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones have returned to normal
35
Describe the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
- the hypothalamus secretes TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) - TRH acts on the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
36
What is the most important regulator of thyroid hormone synthesis and release
TSH is the most important regulator of thyroid hormone synthesis and release
37
What happens if there is too much/too little TSH
too much = thyroid gland follicles get larger and increase in number too little/ none = TSH will directly affect the thyroid gland and the thyroid gland will shrink
38
The release of both TSH and TRH are under ______ ____ control
The release of both TSH and TRH are under negative feedback control
39
Name some symptoms of hypothyroidism
- cold intolerance - slower reflexes - reduced mental alertness - easy to fatigue - slow, weak heart rate - weight gain due to decreased basal metabolic rate
40
What are some symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
- Increased heart rate - Excessive heat production - Muscle weakness due to skeletal muscle protein degradation - Mood swings due to increased CNS mental alertness - Elevated basal metabolic rate that causes weight loss even with increased caloric intake
41
What symptom can arise in both hyper/hypo thyroidism? Describe
Goiter - is a visibly enlarged thyroid gland - results from any condition with increased TSH bc THS stimulates the thyroid to increase the number and size of follicles
42
Describe the 2 layers of the adrenal glands and their functions
Cortex = - outer layer - secrete several steroid hormones Medulla = - inner layer - secretes catecholamines
43
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex
- zona glomerulosa - zona fasciculata - zona reticularis
44
The adrenal cortex produces ____ hormones
The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones
45
What are the 3 main categories of adrenal cortex hormones?
○ Mineralocorticoids - Influence mineral (electrolyte) balance - Produced in the zona glomerulosa ○ Glucocorticoids - Play a role in glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism - Produced mainly in the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis ○ Sex hormones - Are identical or similar to those produced in the gonads - Are produced in lower quantities in the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis
46
47
Alpha and beta receptors: which are excitatory/inhibitory
a1 + B1 = excitatory a2 + B2 = inhibitory
48
What does Ne primarily bind?
Ne primarily binds a and B1 receptors near postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals
49
What does Epi usually bind
Epi released from the adrenal medulla can reach all receptors, but B2 is exclusively activated by Epi
50
How does Epi affect metabolism?
- incre gluconeogenesis - incre glyconeogenesis - promotes lipolysis to incre circulating free fatty acids for energy
51
what happens if you lose an adrenal gland?
- If lose one adrenal gland, the other would undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia to increase its hormone secreting capacity
52
Define: Exocrine
Exocrine: glands that secrete their products through ducts opening into the epithelium rather than directly into the bloodstream
53
Endocrine functions of the pancreas are localized to ____ ___
Endocrine functions of the pancreas are localized to islets of Langerhans
54
What are the major types of cells in the islets of Langerhans
○ Alpha cell § Produce and secrete glucagon ○ Beta cell § Produce and secrete insulin ○ Delta cell § Produce and secrete somatostatin ○ PP cell § Secrete pancreatic polypeptide, which may play a role in reducing appetite
55
What is the dominant hormone in the absorptive state of metabolism?
Insulin - released by beta cells of pancreatic islets - also plays major role in anabolism
56
What are the primary hormones responsible for growth in males vs females
Both = androgens and growth hormone females = DHEA males = testosterone
57
Which of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary is the most abundant?
Growth hormone
58
Define: Osteoblasts: Osteoclast:
1) Osteoblasts: deposit new bone 2) Osteoclasts : dissolve bone
59
Where does bone growth occur
Only occurs at the ends between the epiphysis and diaphysis in the epiphyseal plate
60
Which hormone promotes the thickness and length of bone?
Growth hormone
61
What causes Larson dwarfism
Laron dwarfism - caused by lack of response from tissue to growth hormone, responds to IGF-I treatment
62
What 3 hormones regulate the plasma [] of Calcium?
○ Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ○ Calcitonin ○ Vitamin D
63
What is the primary action of PTH
The primary action of PTH is to raise plasma Ca levels by its effects on bone, the kidneys and intestines
64

PHGY - Midterm (10 decks)

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