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PHGY - Midterm > PHGY 2 > Flashcards

PHGY 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Successful sexual reproduction depends on …

A

Successful sexual reproduction depends on … the union of male and female gametes in order to form a new individual with a full set of chromosomes

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2
Q

Where do females receive sperm?

A

vagina

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3
Q

What is the path to get to the fallopian tubes where the sperm/egg is fertilized

A

vagina -> cervical canal -> uterus -> fallopian tubes

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4
Q

Define: sexual differentiation

A

Sexual differentiation refers to the embryonic development of both the external genitalia and the reproductive tract

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5
Q

what stimulates the differentiation of the gonads into teste

A

H-Y antigen

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6
Q

Structurally, what do most testes consist of?

A

semiferous tubules

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7
Q

Define: Leydig cells

A

Leydig cells: produce and secrete testosterone under the control of luteinizing hormone. Aka interstitial cells

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8
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

define: spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis is the process in which diploid (46 chromosomes) primordial germ cells are converted into motile sperm cells with a haploid (23 chromosomes) set of chromosomes

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10
Q

What makes up the walls of the seminiferous tubules

A

serotoli cells

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11
Q

Where is the site of sperm production?

A

the testes

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12
Q

What comprises the primordial follicle

A

primary oocytes is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

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13
Q

What are the two options for a primary follicle

A

○ The developing primary follicle either results in the release of an ova, or it will undergo atresia and decay

  • Atresia: the process if degenerating into scar tissue
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14
Q

what are the 2 cycles in females

A

○ The ovarian cycle - occurs in the ovaries and prepares the ova for release

○ The uterine cycle - prepares the uterus for implantation

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15
Q

What makes up follicular cells

A

thecal layer + granulosa = follicular cells

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16
Q

What type of cells become the corpus luteum?
What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Follicular cells undergo luteinization to become the corpus luteum

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen

17
Q

What signifies the end of the ovarian cycle?

A

The corpus albicans

18
Q

Which hormones control the ovarian cycle?

A

FHS, LH, and estrogen

○ FHS and estrogen are important for stimulating early follicular development and formation of the secondary follicle

○ LH is important for producing estrogen, which is secreted in increasing quantities by the secondary follicle

19
Q

Describe the mechanism of the LH surge?

A

LH is the circulating estrogen during the follicular phase, and as estrogen levels rise, estrogen then exerts a positive feedback action on the anterior pituitary to cause a surge in LH secretions

20
Q

Name the actions of the LH surge

A

○ It stops estrogen synthesis by follicular cells

○ It reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte

○ It triggers release of local factors that increase the swelling of the follicle and weaken the wall

○ It differentiates the follicular cells into luteal cells

21
Q

Describe the luteal phase

A
  • During the luteal phase, LH continues to maintain the corpus luteum
  • The corpus luteum begins secreting large amounts of progesterone in preparation for pregnancy
  • Progesterone causes changes in the uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish a pregnancy
  • If no implantation occurs, the rapid degradation of the corpus luteum results in a rapid drop in circulating progesterone
22
Q

Name and describe the hormones involved in the luteal phase

A

Progesterone: causes changes in the uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish pregnancy

LH: important in the production of estrogens which is secreted in increasing quantities by the secondary follicles

Estrogen: exerts a positive feedback action to causse a surge in LH secretion

FSH: important for stimulating early follicular development and formation of the secondary follicle

Inhibin: inhibits the production of LH and FSH by the pituitary gland

23
Q

How many days does the uterine/menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

24
Q

Which parts of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles align?

A
  • Menstrual phase coincides with the end of the luteal phase and the beginning of a new follicular phase
  • The ovarian and uterine cycles begin at the same time
  • The proliferation phase of the uterine cycle corresponds with the later stages of the ovarian follicular phase
  • The secretory phase coincides with the beginning of the luteal phase and the formation of the corpus luteum
25
Q

Define: Endometriosis

A

Endometriosis = a disorder in which the endometrium grows outside of the uterus

26
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

when there are no more viable primary follicles in the ovaries and follicular growth stops and the ovaria and uterine cycles cease

27
Q

What controls the errection

A

erection is a spinal reflex

28
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for the female excitement phase

A

the sympathetic

29
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes

30
Q

Where does the egg usually implant?

A

uterine lining

31
Q

What controls the secretion of hormones from the placenta?

A

Unique is that it is a temporary endocrine organ and it secretes hormones without any external control

32
Q

What are the 3 placental hormones

A
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
33
Q

The timing of which hormone corresponds with morning sickness

A

hCG

34
Q

What are the roles of estrogen in paturation

A
  • causes the myometrium to form gap junctions so it can contract
  • increases the synthesis of oxytocin receptors in the myometrium
35
Q

What releases oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary

PHGY - Midterm (10 decks)

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