Chapter 1

Question 1

Outer connective tissue of skeletal muscles?

Answer 1

Epimysium

Question 2

Connective tissue surrounding the fasciculi?

Answer 2

Perimysium

Question 3

Tissue that covers individual muscle fibers?

Answer 3

Endomysium

Question 4

What does the sarcolemma include?

Answer 4

Plasmalemma & Basement membrane

Question 5

What does the plasmalemma fuse with?

Answer 5

Tendons

Question 6

Where do satellite cells reside?

Answer 6

Between the plasmalemma & the basement membrane

Question 7

The Sarcoplasm involves:

Answer 7

Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 8

Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores?

Answer 8

Calcium ions (Ca2+)

Question 9

Thick Filaments are comprised of?

Answer 9

Myosin

Question 10

Thin filaments are comprised of?

Answer 10

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

Question 11

Excitation

Answer 11

Contraction coupling

Question 12

Role of calcium in the muscle fiber

Answer 12

Action potentials travel down T-tubules to the cell interior and stimulate the SR to release calcium, which activates the contraction process

Question 13

Sliding filament theory:

Answer 13

1. Ca2+ binds to troponin on actin
2. Troponin moves tropomyosin off binding sites
3. Myosin head binds to sites
4. Myosin head tilts (requires ATP)
5. Actin is dragged along
6. Myosin breaks away & binds to a new site
7. Calcium returns to the SR, contraction stops

Question 14

What creates the energy for muscle contraction?

Answer 14

ATP binds with myosin

Question 15

What must happen for muscle relaxation to occur?

Answer 15

The return of calcium to the SR

Question 16

Type 1 Muscle Fiber

Answer 16

• slow twitch
• high aerobic endurance
• fatigue resistant

Question 17

Type II Muscle Fiber

Answer 17

• fast twitch
• anaerobic
• generates greater force + power
• fatigue prone

Question 18

Determinants of fiber type?

Answer 18

Genetics, alpha-motor neuron innervations, long-term training

Question 19

Muscle fiber recruitment

Answer 19

• activating more motor units = more force
• depends on the force required
• smaller motor units are recruited first (type I before type II)

Question 20

3 Types of Muscle Contractions

Answer 20

1. Concentric
2. Static
3. Eccentric

Question 21

Rate Coding

Answer 21

Frequency of stimulation