Chapter 2

Question 1

An example of an energy substrate?

Answer 1

Palmitic acid

Question 2

Which of these substrate stores in the body can provide the most overall kilocalories?

Answer 2

Triglycerides

Question 3

Protein can serve as an energy substrate if…

Answer 3

It is first converted to glucose

Question 4

Which of the following is responsible for lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

Answer 4

Enzyme activity

Question 5

An anaerobic glycoltyic system would be the primary source of ATP for which running event?

Answer 5

800 m (1/2 miles)

Question 6

In the absence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is?

Answer 6

Lactic acid

Question 7

For aerobic metabolism, free fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA via…

Answer 7

B-oxidation

Question 8

Taking into account both oxygen requirements and ATP yield, which substrate is more efficient? Fat or glucose?

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 9

In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 9

Mitochondria

Question 10

An athlete with a high percentage of type II fibers would exhibit which characteristics?

Answer 10

Few mitochondria, lower oxidative enzymes

Question 11

Men and individuals with a higher BMI have _____ brown adipose tissue than women and individuals with a lower BMI

Answer 11

Less

Question 12

What are the 2 key forms of carbohydrate?

Answer 12

Glucose & glycogen

Question 13

Key forms of fat?

Answer 13

FFA’s and triglycerides

Question 14

Building blocks of protein?

Answer 14

Amino acid

Question 15

What is the source of energy for almost all metabolic processes?

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

ATP-PCr System

Answer 16

• Anaerobic
• Transfers energy from PCr to ATP via ADP
• catalyzed by creatine kinase
• provides energy for explosive, short duration movements

Question 17

Glycolytic System

Answer 17

• breakdown (oxidation) of glycose
• anaerobic
• produces lactic acid
• produces 2-3 ATP molecules
• provides energy for high-intensity events (20s - 2min)

Question 18

Glycolysis

Answer 18

Aerobic oxidation of glucose/glycogen through glycolysis –> feeds the Krebs cycle

Question 19

Krebs Cycle

Answer 19

• uses end products of glycolysis, fatty-acid oxidation
• produces ATP
• feeds electron transport chain

Question 20

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 20

Transports hydrogen ions from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce ATP in mitochondria

Question 21

What is the energy yield from oxidation of carbohydrate?

Answer 21

32 ATP from glucose, 33 ATP from glycogen

Question 22

B-oxidation produces…?

Answer 22

acetyl coenzyme-A from fatty acids

Question 23

Lactate acid as a source of energy during exercise:

Answer 23

• used as fuel for the fiber in which it is produced
• transported MCT transporters and used elsewhere
• can be reconverted to pyruvate, then glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 24

Summary of Substrate Metabolism

Answer 24

• Carbohydrate stores (glycogen) are limited compared to fat stores
• Carb is the preferred fuel source during exercise because it can be metabolized anaerobically
• complete oxidation of carb requires less oxygen than complete oxidation of fat
• carb stores are more accessible than lipid stores

Question 25

Enzyme activity is an indication of ____________ _______.

Answer 25

Biogenetic capacity

Question 26

Oxidative capacity depends on ______ ______, _________, and ______ _______.

Answer 26

oxygen supply, mitochondria, aerobic enzymes.

Question 27

The maximal rate at which muscle oxidative metabolism takes place depends on…?

Answer 27

Oxygen delivery to the muscles by the cardiorespiratory system