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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > BB LEC PRELIMS > Flashcards

BB LEC PRELIMS Flashcards

1
Q

In 1492, a physician bled three young boys and have an ill ________________ drink the blood.

A

Pope Innocent VIII

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2
Q

He used a quill of a goose attached to a bladder to demonstrate that the intravenous injections of substances into animals had systemic
effects.

A

Architect Sir Christopher Wren

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3
Q

was the first to perform ABO typing and began compatibility testing. He also suggested
the inheritance of ABO types.

A

Dr. Richard Weil

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4
Q

discovered the ABO blood group

A

Dr. Karl Landsteiner

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5
Q

Sodium Citrate was discovered in ____

A

1914

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6
Q

First Blood donor service was established by

A

Percy Oliver

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7
Q

Antibody screen was officially regarded as part of routine testing in ______

A

1950s

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8
Q

Main stars of Immunology are

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

First line of defense

A
  1. Unbroken Skin
  2. Mucus membrane
  3. Sebum from Sebaceous glands
  4. Lactic acid in sweat
  5. Earwax
  6. Excretion of Solids and Liquids (feces/urine)
  7. Acidity of Stomach, Intestines, and Vagina
  8. Cilia in respiratory tract
  9. Tears (With IgA)
  10. Saliva
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10
Q

Non-specific, No exposure required, No
memory

A

Natural Immunity

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11
Q

Specific, can Recognize, can Remember, can Respond

A

Adaptive Immunity

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12
Q

Benefit of Adaptive Immunity

A

Acquire Immunologic Memory

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13
Q

Recognized as a foreign body; Can be a Protein, Carbohydrate, or Lipid

A

Antigen

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14
Q

antigens of the host; no reaction in normal circumstances

A

Autoantigens

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14
Q

antigen of the others

A

Alloantigens

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15
Q

antigens from other species

A

Heteroantigens

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16
Q

part of the Antigen that reacts with Antibody

A

epitope

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17
Q

Responsible for the specificity of the antigen

A

epitope

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18
Q

“Partial antigen”
Non-immunogenic alone (it needs a carrier)

A

Haptens

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19
Q

responsible for the molecular weight of the antigen (usually over 10,000 Daltons)

A

carrier

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20
Q

Formerly “Human Leukocyte Antigen” encoded from the gene found in short arm of Chromosome 6

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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21
Q

Can cause an immune response if transplanted

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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22
Q

Brings antigen to cell surface for recognition by T-cells

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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23
Q

2 classes of Major Histocompatibility Complex

A

Class I
Class II

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24
Q
  • High levels on nucleated cells including lymphocytes
  • Low levels in the liver, Neural, Muscle, and Sperm cells
  • Recognized by Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)
  • HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E
A

CLASS I

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25
Q
  • More Restricted
  • Found on B-cells, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells (APC)
  • Process extracellularly derived antigen
  • Recognized by T-Helper cells (CD4+)
  • HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
A

CLASS II

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26
Q

Molecules that bind to Antigen and is very specific

A

Antibodies

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27
Q

Y-shaped with 4 protein chains (2 Identical light chains and 2 heavy chains
connected by disulfide bonds)

A

Antibodies

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28
Q

Upper regions with Antigen binding sites - “N-terminal”

A

Variable regions

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29
Q

Lower portion of the “Y” arm

A

Constant regions

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30
Q

Stem of the monomer, binds complement or cells

A

FC regions

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31
Q

Located between CH1 and CH2 (binds complement C1q)
- Connects 2 FAB regions and FC portion

A

Hinge region

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32
Q

Flexible due to high numbers of Proline

A

Hinge region

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33
Q

Protein with around 440 amino acids and a MW of 40-50K daltons

A

Heavy chains

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34
Q

Constant region of H chains is unique and gives the antibody its name

A

Heavy chains

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35
Q

Genes that code for H chains are in _________

A

Chromosome 14

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36
Q

With the Kappa and Lambda chains

A

Light chains

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37
Q

Kappa is with ____ amino acids

A

214

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38
Q

Lambda is with ____ amino acids

A

213

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39
Q

Largest antibody with molecular weight of
900 000 Daltons

A

Immunoglobulin M

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40
Q

A Pentamer named after it heavy chain “µ heavy chain”

A

IgM

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41
Q

First antibody made by infants

A

IgM

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42
Q

IgM reacts best in what temperature

A

at Room Temperature and/or Cold temperature

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43
Q

First Antibody produced during infection,
Last to leave

A

IgM

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44
Q

With a Delta Heavy chain, and has a molecular weight of 180 000 Daltons

A

Immunoglobulin D

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45
Q

Second type of IG to appear

A

IgD

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46
Q

Heat and acid labile, and is susceptible to proteolysis

A

IgD

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47
Q

Monomer found on B-cell surface, Blood, and Lymph

A

IgD

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48
Q

IgA is found in serum as a __________

A

Monomer

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49
Q

IgA is found in secretions as a _______

A

Dimer

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50
Q

Antibody that protects mucosal surfaces,
“Major secretory IG” (Tears, Saliva, Milk)

A

IgA

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51
Q

2 Types of IgA

A

IgA1
IgA2

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52
Q

Molecular weight of IgA

A

160 000 - 400 000 daltons

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53
Q

Major serum Immunoglobulin

A

Immunoglobulin G

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54
Q

Binds FC receptors, Activates complement, neutralizes toxins, and enhances phagocytosis.

A

Immunoglobulin G

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55
Q

A monomer with Gamma Heavy chain

A

IgG

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56
Q

Main antibody in secondary response

A

IgG

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57
Q

IgG reacts best in what temperature

A

Body temperature

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58
Q

Can travel to the placenta and protect newborns

A

IgG

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59
Q

A monomer with an extra domain, molecular
weight is 190 000 Daltons

A

Immunoglobulin E

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60
Q

Plasma cells that produces IgE is usually on the ______

A

Lungs and Skin

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61
Q

IgE is bound to _______ and ________

A

Mast Cells and Basophils

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62
Q

Binds to FC receptors of Eosinophils for the
Major basic Protein

A

IgE

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63
Q

Antibody for allergy (Type 1hypersensitivity), and parasitic infections

A

IgE

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64
Q

Polypeptide products of activated cells

A

Cytokines

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65
Q

Controls cellular response and regulates the immune system (innate and adaptive response)

A

Cytokines

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66
Q

Cytokines binds to ______

A

target cell receptors

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67
Q

Polypeptide products of activated cells

A

Cytokines

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68
Q

Enumerate the five Cytokines

A
  1. Interleukins
  2. Interferons
  3. Stem Cell Factors
  4. Tumor Necrosis Factors
  5. Chemokines
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69
Q

Non-specific proteins

A

Complement

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70
Q

Completes the process of Antibody-Antigen complex

A

Complement

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71
Q

Most of the complement are synthesized in the ____

A

Liver

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72
Q

Complement reacts at pH: ___ and at Temp of ______

A

pH: 7.2 - 7.4
Temp: 30-37C

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73
Q

3 known pathways of complement

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Alternative pathway
  3. Lectin pathway
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74
Q

What the effects of Complement

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Lysis of Cells
  3. Mediators
  4. Opsonization
  5. Increase Vascular Permeability
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75
Q

Participate in the process of cellular immunity

A

T-lymphocytes

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76
Q

Participate in the process of humoral immunity

A

B-lymphocytes

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77
Q

Natural cytotoxicity against cancer cells and virus infected cells

A

NK-lymphocytes

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78
Q

Lives as immature “Thymocytes” in the
Thymus

A

T-cells

79
Q

60-80% of Circulating lymphocytes

A

T-cells

80
Q

Thymocytes then matures as ______ and actively proliferates by the help of _______

A

Double negative Thymocytes; Interleukin 7

81
Q

Double negative Thymocytes matures to ______________ (CD4+ and CD8+
cells)

A

Double Positive Thymocytes

82
Q

T-helper cells is also known as

A

“Inducer cells” , “CD4+ cells”

83
Q

Recognize antigen with MHC-II (found on surface of APC)

A

T-helper cells

84
Q

due to expression of IL-12 by dendritic cells

A

Th1

85
Q

development regulated by Interleukin 4

A

Th2

86
Q

regulate activity of Th1 and Th2

A

T regulatory cells

87
Q

For cell mediated immunity

A

Th1

88
Q

For antibody mediated immunity; Helps B-cells produce antibodies

A

Th2

89
Q

From IL10 responsive naive T-cells; CD25

A

T regulatory cells

90
Q

“CD8 cells”

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

91
Q

Destroys target cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

92
Q

Kills cancer cells and destroys transplanted tissue

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

93
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells produced _________ and targets cells by lysing the target cells

A

Perforin

94
Q

Shuts down the immune response; Controls/Inhibit antibody production

A

T-suppressor cells

95
Q

Markers of T-suppressor cells

A

CD2, CD3, and CD8 markers

96
Q

Develops in the bone marrow

A

B-cells

97
Q

B-cells matures to ________ to produce antibodies

A

Plasma cells

98
Q

MHC class of B-cells

A

class II

99
Q

Other names for Natural Killer Cells

A

“Third population”
“Kiss of death”
“Null cells”
“Granular lymphocytes”

100
Q

Small population of Lymphocytes that does not express markers for T-cells or B-cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

101
Q

Non-specific; Usually kills virally infected cells and Cancer cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

102
Q

Branch of Biology that deals with molecular structures of cells

A

Molecular Biology

103
Q

linear polymers composed of bases, sugars, and phosphate

A

Nucleic acids

104
Q

a unique content of genetic information

A

Genome

105
Q

sites in the genome that vary among different
individuals

A

Genetic polymorphism

106
Q

carriers of genetic information; Thread-like material of the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

107
Q

position of the genes in a chromosome

A

“Loci”

108
Q

synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

A

Transcription

109
Q

Transcription is mediated by _______________

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase or “RNA polymerase”

110
Q

Catalyze formation of phosphodiester bonds that links the nucleotides together to form a linear chain

A

RNA polymerase

111
Q

an RNA with an equal length to the DNA

A

“Primary Transcript” or “Pre-RNA”

112
Q

genes with intervening sequences

A

Split genes

113
Q

long sequence of genes that are removed during RNA processing

A

Introns

114
Q

short sequence that consist of functional genes

A

Exons

115
Q

removal of introns from the newly synthesized RNA

A

RNA splicing

116
Q

Mature RNA are translated to its respective amino acid to form proteins. This method is called _______

A

Translation

117
Q

Number of blood group system and blood antigens

A

33; 300 respectively

118
Q

Blood groups that are composed of antigens made up of glycoproteins or glycolipids

A

ABO, P, Lewis, H, I, and MNS

119
Q

T or F. The remaining blood group systems has antigens that are indirect consequences of amino acid variation in the protein sequence.

A

False. *antigens that are direct

120
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

A
  1. Gene deletion
  2. insertion
  3. intergenic recombination
  4. substitution
  5. translocation; and
  6. duplication
121
Q

Shape of RBC membrane to allow a close to maximum surface to volume ratio and optimal gaseous exchange.

A

biconcave shape

122
Q

Functions of RBC Membrane

A
  1. Deformability
  2. Osmotic Balance
  3. Support for Antigens
  4. Gas Exchange
123
Q

Controls the active transport of Na+ and K+ in the cell

A

Na+ K+ pump

124
Q

Intracelluar ratio of Na and K

A

1:12

125
Q

Extracellular ratio of Na and K

A

25:1

126
Q

Percentage of Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates in the RBC membrane.

A

Proteins: 50%
Lipids: 40%
Carbohydrates: 10%

127
Q

Proteins found in the outer surface to the entire membrane including the inner cytoplasmic side that support the CHO defined blood group antigens

A

Integral protein (Transmembranous)

128
Q

Produced by Component A and Glycophorin A which gives the RBC a negative charge for Zeta potential.

A

Sialic acid

129
Q

Other integral proteins

A

Glycophorin B
Glycophorin C
Anion-Exchange-Channel Proteins

130
Q

A type of protein that forms the cytoskeleton and is found in the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.

A

Peripheral Protein (Skeletal)

131
Q

For normal RBC membrane

A

Spectrin and Actin

132
Q

How many amino acids does each alpha and beta spectrin have that forms a helix shape sheath?

A

106

133
Q

Spectrin and actin are fixed into the membrane by the protein called …

A

Ankyrin

134
Q

Ca2+ ATPase is for calcium flow and is controlled by

A

Calmodulin

135
Q

Other peripheral proteins

A

Ankyrin
Protein 4.1
Adducin
Dematin
Tropomyosin
Tropomodulin

136
Q

The distribution of lipids depends on these enzymes

A

Flippases, Floppases, Scramblases

137
Q

Major constituents of the external surface of lipids.

A

Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin

138
Q

Major constituents of the internal surface of lipids

A

Phosphatidlyserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylinositol

139
Q

Lipids in esterified form which confers tensil strength to the lipid bilayer and is very hydrophobic that is why it is placed parallel to the acyl tails of the phospholipids.

A

cholesterol

140
Q

Formed by carbohydrates and lipids which protects RBC from impact with other RBCs or vessel walls.

A

glycocalyx

141
Q

Discovered ABO group

A

Dr. Karl Landsteiner

142
Q

Most important blood group in transfusion practice

A

ABO

143
Q

Individuals have < answer > in their serum against the < answer > absent from their RBCs.

A

antibodies; antigens

144
Q

ABO inheritance follows

A

simple mendelian genetics

145
Q

ABO is inherited via

A

codominant expression

146
Q

Location of ABO genes and number of exons

A

Chromosome 9, 7 exons

147
Q

Group O gene is considered an < answer > and is an autosomal recessive trait with the inheritance of two O genes that are nonfunctional

A

amorph

148
Q

Q1: Formation of ABH antigens depends on these three genes from three seperate loci;

Q2: these genese code for the production of …

A

ABO, Hh, Se
Glycosyltransferase

149
Q

Formation of ABH antigens develops…

A

2nd month of fetal life and will stay forever

150
Q

Precursor substance for the formation of ABH antigens

A

Paragloboside/Glycan

151
Q

What type of precursors are RBC ABO antigens contstructed?

A

Type 2

152
Q

H gene is at

A

Chromosome 19

153
Q

Is the H gene inherited dependently or independently from ABO genes?

A

independently

154
Q

ABO gene spans about

A

18 to 20 kb

155
Q

These exons encode for the catalytic domain of the ABO glycosyltransferases.

A

Last two exons (exon 6 & 7)

156
Q

Results from any mutation in an A or B transferase gene that causes loss of glycosyltransferase activity and nonfunctional enzyme

A

Group O phenotype

157
Q

Most common Group O results from a single nucleotide ….

A

deletion

158
Q

Carbohydrate structures of ABO antigens are composed of

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

159
Q

RBC membrane proteins carry over ____________________ A or B or H antigens mostly located on the major integral membrane protein, Band 3

A

2 x10^6

160
Q

ABO Antigens can be found in/on …

A
  1. platelets
  2. Endothelial and epithelial cells of the lungs and gut
  3. Epithelial cells of the urinary and reproductive tracts
161
Q

ABO indicidence:

Usually found in African Americans and Asians (11% in whites, 20% in blacks)

A

Group B

162
Q

ABO incidence:

Most common in Asians (40 - 45% in whites, 50% in blacks)

A

Group A and O

163
Q

Rarest ABO

A

AB

164
Q

Basic antigenic material of ABO which is found in greatest concentrations on the RBCs of Group O individuals and least in A1B

A

H antigen

165
Q

anti-H antiserum

A

Ulex europeus

166
Q

Secretor genes

A

Se gene or FUT2 gene

167
Q

SeSe and Sese genostypes secretes A, B, H antigens in …

A

saliva
sweat
urine
milk
tears

168
Q

This allelle is an amorph

A

se

169
Q

Inheritance of hh gene therefore no “H” subtance

A

Bombay phenotype

170
Q

Bombay phenotype was first reported by

A

Dr. Bhende in 1952 in Bombay, India

171
Q

Bombay phenotype is caused a mutation in this gene which produces a silenced gene.

A

FUT1 gene

172
Q

Bombay phenotype fails to react with …

A

Anti A
Anti B; or
H

173
Q

Bombay phenotype people produces the ff. autoantibodies

A

Anti A
Anti B
Anti H

174
Q

Bombay blood group is rare and can only be found in

A

4 out of 1 million

175
Q

Produced by Bombay phenotypes which is an IgM that react at 37 C

A

Anti H

176
Q

Phenotypes where RBCs completely lack H antigens or have only small amounts of H antigen present

A

Para Bombay Phenotypes

177
Q

In Para-Bombay phenotypes, RBCs express weak forms of A and B antigens which are only detected in this technique

A

elution technique

178
Q

More common subgroup

A

A subgroups

179
Q

Inheritance of A1 gene elicits production of high concentrations of ___________________ which then converts all H subtances to A1 antigen

A

3-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase

180
Q

Due to polymorphims at the ABO locus

A

Subgroups

181
Q

This subgroup results from a single-base substitution at nucleotide 1059

A

A2

182
Q

Used to differentiate A subgroups

A

Dolichos biflorus

183
Q

These subgroups demonstrate weak or no agglutination of red cells with anti-b reagents

A

B subgroups

184
Q

ABO antibodies develops and peaks at…

A

Develops at 3-6 months after birth
Peaks at 5-10

185
Q

ABO antibodies are mostly

A

IgM (some are IgG)

186
Q

autoantibody

A

Anti H

187
Q

Q1: Also known as cell group where patient’s rbcs are added to sources of commercial antisera to detect antigens on an individual’s RBCs

Q2: What specimen is used

A

forward grouping; Red cells

187
Q

First ABO red cell typing reagents were derived from

A

pooled human plasma sources

188
Q

B cells secrete antibodies that are specific for the multiple epitopes of the injected antigen. This contains multiple antibody specificities

A

polyclonal antibody reagents

189
Q

creates an immortal clone that manufacturers antibodies of a defined specificity

A

Monoclonal antibody reagents

190
Q

Also known as serum grouping or serum testing which detects ABO antibodies using known reagents RBCs

What are these reagent RBCs and from what specimen is it obtained

A

Reverse grouping
A1 and B cells
Patient serum

191
Q

Classic methods for visualization of antigen-antibody reactions

A

Agglutination (observed with hemolysis)

192
Q

If present in tube grading, this is noted and considered a positive reaction

A

hemolysis

193
Q

Factors influencing antigen-antibody reactions

A
  1. Temperature (IgM: Below 22, IgG: 37)
  2. Type of antibody
  3. Centrifugation (Brings reactants closer together)
  4. Antigen-antibody ratio
  5. pH (6.5 - 7.5)
  6. Dosage effect
194
Q

Technical Errors (CCC FI MM UW)

A
  1. Clerical errors/incorrect recording of results
  2. Cell suspension problems: Too heavy or too light
  3. Contaminated reagents
  4. Failure to add reagents
  5. Improper identification of Blood specimen, patient, slides, test tubes
  6. Mix up in samples
  7. Missed observation of hemolysis
  8. Uncalibrated centrifuge
  9. Warming during centrifugation
195
Q

What are the 4 ABO discrepancies?

A

Group 1: Discrepancy that happens between forward and backward grouping due to weakly reacting or missing antibodies

Group 2: Discrepancies are due to weakly reacting or missing antigens

Group 3: Discrepancy due to Protein or Plasma
abnormalities

Group 4: Discrepancy due to unexpected antigen reaction or miscellaneous

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

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