Lecture 3 - Part 1: Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benefits of vaccination?

A
  • Decrease mortality
  • Decrease morbidity
  • Decrease transmission
  • Decrease in the disruption of one’s daily life
  • Reduction in medical and other costs
  • Improves quality of life overall
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2
Q

Give a brief history of vaccines.

A
  • Smallpox was an ancient but serious infectious disease
  • Throughout history, various civilizations tried to prevent and control the disease which eventually led to the development of vaccines
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3
Q

Define variolation (in terms of smallpox).

A

The process of exposing an individual with smallpox material

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4
Q

How did different countries attempt variolation/inoculation?

A
  • China: dry scabs under the sun and inhale
  • India: lance the pustule and transfer it to the arm of a healthy individual
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5
Q

Who was Edward Jenner/what did he do?

A
  • Father of immunology
  • May 1796: inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox
  • July 1796: inoculated him with smallpox and no disease developed
  • Named it vaccination
  • Note: there is cross-reactivity between these viruses
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6
Q

Define vaccine.

A

A biological product that can be used to safely induce an immune response that confers protection against infection/disease on subsequent exposure to a pathogen

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7
Q

A vaccine must contain _____.

A

antigens that the immune system can recognize on a pathogen or toxin.

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8
Q

List common vaccine components.

A
  • Active ingredients
  • Adjuvants
  • Antibiotics
  • Stabilizers
  • Preservatives
  • Trace components
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9
Q

What are the 2 main immune responses?

A
  • Innate
  • Adaptive
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10
Q

Describe the innate immune response.

A
  • First line of defense
  • Not specific
  • Eliminate the invader
  • Prevent spread and movement of pathogens
  • Initiate the adaptive immune response
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11
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response.

A
  • More effective in eliminating the pathogen
  • Results in immunological memory
  • Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
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12
Q

Describe cell-mediated immunity.

A
  • Effective for intracellular pathogens
  • Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells
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13
Q

Describe antibody-mediated immunity.

A
  • Effective for extracellular pathogens
  • Neutralization and increase phagocytosis
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14
Q

The primary response after initial exposure is _____ and requires the _____ immune system to control the infection until the _____ immune response kicks in.

A
  1. slow
  2. innate
  3. adaptive
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15
Q

How are vaccines categorized?

A
  • Whole cell/virus or component based
  • Alive (attenuated) or not alive (inactivated)
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16
Q

Explain live attenuated vaccines.

A
  • Use pathogens that have reduced virulence and don’t cause disease
  • Most common type
  • Still induces an immune response
17
Q

How is attenuation achieved?

A

By serial passages of virus largely through non-human cells

18
Q

What are the pros and cons of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Pros
- More potent (activate cell-mediated response)
- Long-lasting protection
- Requires 1-2 doses

Cons
- Can cause severe disease in immunocompromised people
- Can’t be given to pregnant people
- Can revert to pathogenic form
- Temperature sensitive

19
Q

Explain inactivated vaccines.

A
  • Composed of killed pathogens that can’t replicate or cause disease
  • Can be inactivated through physical and/or chemical methods
20
Q

How are inactivated vaccines made?

A
  • Chemical: formaldehyde
  • Physical: heat, UV light, gamma radiation, pH
21
Q

What are the pros and cons of inactivated vaccines?

A

Pros
- Generally safer
- Easier to transport

Cons
- Don’t activate cellular immune response
- Require 3+ doses for max immunity
- Protection fades over time

22
Q

Explain subunit vaccines.

A
  • Composed of specific antigens from the pathogen
  • Types: recombinant protein/peptide, conjugate, toxoid
23
Q

Describe conjugate vaccines.

A

Polysaccharides from bacterial capsules covalently attached to a protein antigen

24
Q

Describe toxoid vaccines.

A

Chemically inactivated bacterial toxins

25
Q

What are the pros and cons of subunit vaccines?

A

Pros
- Less adverse reactions
- Target toxins and bacterial capsules

Cons
- Don’t activate cellular immune response
- Require 3+ doses for max immunity
- Protection fades over time

26
Q

Explain mRNA vaccines.

A

Synthetic mRNA in which ribosomes in the host recognize and translate the antigen (spike protein)

27
Q

What are the pros and cons of mRNA vaccines?

A

Pros
- Effective
- Safe
- Can be modified quickly

Cons
- Must be kept frozen
- New

28
Q

What is the function of adjuvants in vaccines?

A

Enhances that immunogenicity of vaccines

29
Q

What is the function of antibiotics in vaccines?

A

Prevent contamination during manufacturing

30
Q

What is the function of preservatives in vaccines?

A

Prevents microbial growth

31
Q

What is the function of stabilizers in vaccines?

A

Protect the active ingredient during manufacturing, storage, and transport

32
Q

Describe adverse reactions.

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Local and systemic adverse reactions