Lecture 3 - Part 1: Vaccines Flashcards
What are the benefits of vaccination?
- Decrease mortality
- Decrease morbidity
- Decrease transmission
- Decrease in the disruption of one’s daily life
- Reduction in medical and other costs
- Improves quality of life overall
Give a brief history of vaccines.
- Smallpox was an ancient but serious infectious disease
- Throughout history, various civilizations tried to prevent and control the disease which eventually led to the development of vaccines
Define variolation (in terms of smallpox).
The process of exposing an individual with smallpox material
How did different countries attempt variolation/inoculation?
- China: dry scabs under the sun and inhale
- India: lance the pustule and transfer it to the arm of a healthy individual
Who was Edward Jenner/what did he do?
- Father of immunology
- May 1796: inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox
- July 1796: inoculated him with smallpox and no disease developed
- Named it vaccination
- Note: there is cross-reactivity between these viruses
Define vaccine.
A biological product that can be used to safely induce an immune response that confers protection against infection/disease on subsequent exposure to a pathogen
A vaccine must contain _____.
antigens that the immune system can recognize on a pathogen or toxin.
List common vaccine components.
- Active ingredients
- Adjuvants
- Antibiotics
- Stabilizers
- Preservatives
- Trace components
What are the 2 main immune responses?
- Innate
- Adaptive
Describe the innate immune response.
- First line of defense
- Not specific
- Eliminate the invader
- Prevent spread and movement of pathogens
- Initiate the adaptive immune response
Describe the adaptive immune response.
- More effective in eliminating the pathogen
- Results in immunological memory
- Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
Describe cell-mediated immunity.
- Effective for intracellular pathogens
- Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected cells
Describe antibody-mediated immunity.
- Effective for extracellular pathogens
- Neutralization and increase phagocytosis
The primary response after initial exposure is _____ and requires the _____ immune system to control the infection until the _____ immune response kicks in.
- slow
- innate
- adaptive
How are vaccines categorized?
- Whole cell/virus or component based
- Alive (attenuated) or not alive (inactivated)
