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Emerging Infectious Diseases (BIOL 325) > Lecture 1: Intro, Public Health, Surveillance > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro, Public Health, Surveillance Flashcards

1
Q

List the types of infectious agents.

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Proteins
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2
Q

Define emerging infectious diseases.

A

Infectious diseases that are newly recognized in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range

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3
Q

Define re-emerging infectious diseases.

A

Diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population

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4
Q

Explain novel pathogens causing novel diseases.

A
  1. May or may not be increasing in incidence or geographic range
  2. Diseases can be difficult to ID at first bc
    - Unusual clinical presentations
    - Tests are unavailable
  3. Ex. SARS-Cov-2
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5
Q

Explain novel pathogens/strains causing known diseases.

A
  1. May have typical clinical presentations but lab results are inconclusive, atypical, or negative
  2. Antimicrobial resistant organisms - may be considered re-emerging
    - Ex. Influenza A H1H1
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6
Q

Explain typical pathogens causing known diseases.

A

Known diseases that are increasing in incidence or geographic range (for the first time or re-emerging)
- Ex. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

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7
Q

What percent of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin?

A

75%

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8
Q

Emerging _____ diseases/infections are the biggest threat.

A

Viruses (especially RNA viruses because they evolve quickly)

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9
Q

Emerging _____ diseases/infections are the most common.

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

Why has the focus on infectious diseases shifted away?

A

Because of the discovery of antibiotics, better public health measures, and vaccines

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11
Q

List the 10 drivers of emerging diseases.

A
  1. Changes in land use or agricultural practices
  2. Changes in human demographics and society
  3. Poor population health
  4. Hospitals and medical procedures
  5. Pathogen evolution
  6. Contamination of food sources or water supplies
  7. International travel
  8. Failure of public health programs
  9. International trade
  10. Climate change
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12
Q

Since 1973, more than _____ infectious diseases emerged.

A

40

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13
Q

What are the burdens of infectious diseases?

A
  1. Currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide
  2. Economic impacts
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14
Q

Define public health.

A

The science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities

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15
Q

What are the jobs of the WHO?

A
  • Promote global health
  • Collaborate with various labs and public health departments
  • Epidemiological and statistical services
  • Respond to emergencies
  • Provide resources and training for control, surveillance, and prevention
  • Provide information about diseases and outbreaks
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16
Q

What is the United States Public Health Service?

A

Collection of 9 agencies within the HHS
- Ex. NIH, CDC, FDA

17
Q

What is the NIH and what does it do?

A
  • Nation’s medical research agency (conducts, supports, and funds research)
  • 27 institutes or centers that conduct and coordinate research
18
Q

What does the CDC do?

A
  • Conducts research
  • Responds to emergencies
  • Develop guidelines and policies
  • Surveillance/tracking of diseases
  • Serve as a reference lab for diagnostic laboratories
  • Provide training, information, and resources
19
Q

What do state public health agencies do?

A
  • States are mainly responsible for public health
  • Provide funding, establish laws and regulations and enforce them
  • States have their own public health departments
20
Q

Do all states have local/country public health agencies?

A

No

21
Q

What do local/county public health agencies do?

A

Provide public health service to the county

22
Q

Define public health surveillance.

A

The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data

23
Q

Does the U.S. constitution permit states to conduct disease surveillance?

A

Yes

24
Q

Describe passive surveillance.

A
  • Diseases are reported by health care providers
  • Simple and inexpensive
  • Limited by incompleteness of reporting and variability
25
Q

Describe active surveillance.

A
  • Health agencies contact health care providers seeking reports
  • Ensures more complete reporting of conditions
  • Used in conjunction with epidemiologic investigation
26
Q

List some specific examples of surveillance.

A
  • Testing animals
  • Testing wastewater for diseases
  • Testing the environment

Emerging Infectious Diseases (BIOL 325) (16 decks)

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