C&D LABELLING THEORY

Question 1

Social action theory

Answer 1

interpretivists, labelling theory focusing on individuals, micro impacting macro - anti structuralist

Question 2

Social action beliefs on crime

Answer 2

not determined by social background rather active individual and interactions

Question 3

2 examples of crime in relation to social action and theory

Answer 3

> negative label - self fulfilling prophecy - commit more crime - master status

> influences from others to commit crime - subcultures or parents especially gyspy roma

Question 4

Labelling theory official statistics

Answer 4

official statistics are social constructs - label attached to certain social groups - less valid - stereotypes made on peoples backgrounds - e.g. w/c and ethnic groups - African Carribean boys - social agencies - police - increase in those areas finding more crime - inaccurate data.

Question 5

Lemert

Answer 5

Primary deviance

Secondary deviance

Question 6

Primary deviance

Answer 6

• deviant behaviour that hasn’t been labelled - few consequences as such as under age drinking

Question 7

Secondary deviance

Answer 7

Deviance that has been repeated by a person and has now been publicly labelled as deviant - leading to self fulfilling prophecy and crime is repeated
E.g. relating doing drugs - Becker labelling theory

Question 8

Cicourel

Answer 8

Neo Marxist
Police stereotyping studying patrol officers which determines labels of criminals which more likely to be applied to w/c offenders

Question 9

Cicourel study

Answer 9

Officers typication concentrated on certain w/c groups and law enforcements show class bias with stronger patrol officers on w/c people

Question 10

Cicourel in relation to Becker labelling theory

Answer 10

Selective enforcement as upper class and white crimes ignored

M/c less likely to be typified by agents of social control(police) as believe crime was a one off ( vandalism) and form positive opinions - apologies- elaborate code Bernstein

However same crime w/c restricted code Bernstein less likely to be apologetic primary socialisation - not taught values of respect - convicted

Question 11

Becker

Answer 11

Consequence of the label attached after act

Question 12

Becker e.g.

Answer 12

White m/c man committing assault in streets less likely to be caught and negatively labelled compared to African Caribbean boy labelled and associated with game crime - stigmatisation- over represented in crime statistics Stephen Lawrence inquiry

Question 13

Master status

Answer 13

the thing that defines you - labelled as a criminal and that’s what your known for - commit more crimes.

Question 14

Moral entrepreneurs

Answer 14

People who create and enforce rules and therefore impose definitions of deviance
Police and lawyers/judges

Question 15

Mainowski study incest applied by Becker

Answer 15

Process of rule enforcement

Circumstance deviant

Power deviant label

Consequence labelled

Question 16

Process of rule enforcement

Answer 16

Different response to rule breaking whether police was called or not

Question 17

Circumstance - person becomes deviant

Answer 17

Act - labelled

Question 18

Power to attach deviant label

Answer 18

Moral entrepreneur - Security guard

Question 19

Consequence

Answer 19

Labelled convicted - prison

Question 20

Consequence of labelling

Answer 20

Self fulfilling prophecy - identify - master status - more crime

Deviancy amplification - society reaction to deviant act - increase in amount of crime

Question 21

Evaluation

Answer 21

+ shows how deviant careers develop and form

• deterministic don’t always accept label conformist - reject not passive functionalist agree rational choice meritocracy
  Doesn’t commit more crime
• doesn’t explain cause of stereotypes originally - Cicourel - Becker
• doesn’t explain all crime like crimes of passion feminist wouldn’t get negatively labelled