Health Care Philosophies and Ethics - Unit 1 Test Review

Question 1

Clara Barton

Answer 1

Founded the American Red Cross in 1881.

Question 2

Marie Curie

Answer 2

Isolated radium in 1910.

Question 3

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 3

Artist who used dissection to draw the human body.

Question 4

Dorothea Dix

Answer 4

Was appointed superintendent of female nurses in the army.

Question 5

Sir Alexander Fleming

Answer 5

Discovered penicillin in 1928.

Question 6

Hippocrates

Answer 6

The father of medicine.

Question 7

Edward Jenner

Answer 7

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796.

Question 8

Robert Koch

Answer 8

Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens.

Question 9

Joseph Lister

Answer 9

Began using disinfectants/antiseptics during surgery.

Question 10

Gregory Mendel

Answer 10

Established the patterns in heredity.

Question 11

Florence Nightgale

Answer 11

Founder of modern nursing.

Question 12

Louis Pasteur

Answer 12

Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria.

Question 13

William Roentgen

Answer 13

Discovered X-rays in 1895.

Question 14

Jonas Salk

Answer 14

Developed the polio vaccine in 1952.

Question 15

Hand washing

Answer 15

What was the first intervention to prevent infection during surgeries in 1847.

Question 16

Using anesthetic for surgeries importance

Answer 16

With patients unconscious, surgeons could now take their time over operations and attempt more difficult surgeries.

Question 17

First vaccine (smallpox) importance

Answer 17

Lessened the chance of people getting smallpox, and if people still got it, it was less severe.

Question 18

Discovery of DNA

Answer 18

It carried genetic information and began the study on how to cure inherited diseases by gene therapy.

Question 19

Discovery of X-rays

Answer 19

Allowed doctors to see the bones of patients to see if there were any fractures or foreign objects.

Question 20

What killed most people following surgery and what helped to reduce that number?

Answer 20

Infections killed most people and hand washing helped reduce it.

Question 21

What decade did HIV/AIDS become known?

Answer 21

1980’s

Question 22

What did researchers learn in the 1970’s about cancer?

Answer 22

Chemotherapy couldn’t treat all cancers because they had different diseases that couldn’t be treated the same way.

Question 23

What were some fears of HIV/AIDS in the beginning.

Answer 23

-People didn’t know how it was transmitted.
-There was a social stigma.

Question 24

Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)

Answer 24

Practitioners: Doctors,nurses, clinicians, and therapists, etc.

Pros:
-Everything is fit for a certain patients values.
-Safer

Cons:
-Information could get mixed up with another patient.

Question 25

CAM

Answer 25

Practitioners: Chiropractics, homeopathy, massages, etc.

Pros:
- Less formal.
-More comfortable.

Cons:
-Not a lot of research.
-Not regulated

Question 26

Traditional Medicine

Answer 26

Practitioners:

Pros:
-Aligns with most religions (comfortable).
-There is a variety that suits different people.

Cons:
-Not evidence based or regulated.

Question 27

Evidence Based Medicine three points

Question 28

Best research evidence

Answer 28

The more new and best evidence that replaces old the old research because it is more accurate, efficient, and safer.

Question 29

Clinical expertise

Answer 29

The ability to use clinical skills and past experiences to identify each patients health issues, diagnosis, and risks.

Question 30

Patient values

Answer 30

The preferences, concerns, and expectations that each patient bring to clinical encounter that must be considered.

Question 31

What is the point of having and understanding the 4 Principles of Biomedical Ethics? Why is it important?

Answer 31

-The four principles guide our ethical decision-making. Rather than making emotional “gut decisions”.
-They help to ensure that the issue has been considered from all perspectives and a decision is being made as objectively as possible to remove personal bias from the process.

Question 32

Understand at least one current controversial issue in medicine and why it is controversial.

Question 33

What is one controversy in health care and why?

Answer 33

Should risky behaviours like smoking be funded by public health care?
-People who smoke know the harm, so when it starts effecting the their body, should I be funded even when they knew the risk?