Human Body #1

Question 1

Tissue

Answer 1

Is a collection of similar cells that act together to perform a function.

Question 2

List and describe the 4 main types of tissue

Answer 2

Epithelial tissue - tissue that covers and lines much of the body (Ex. skin mucous, and membranes).

Connective tissue - tissue that is found all over the body and primarily holds things together and provides structure (Ex. cartilage, fat).

Muscle tissue - tissue that provides means for movement by and within the body (Ex. skeletal: voluntary and attached to bones, Cardiac: involuntary and found in the heart, Smooth: involuntary and found in hollow organs.)

Nervous tissue - tissue that transmits “messages” and is made of neurons and neuroglia.

Question 2

Organ

Answer 2

Is 2 or more types of tissue organized in a way that can do a task that the tissues can’t do on their own.

Question 3

Anatomy

Answer 3

Is the study of the internal and external structures of the human body.

Question 4

Physiology

Answer 4

Focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structure making up the human body. Is the study of how an anatomical structure actually functions.

Question 5

Anterior

Answer 5

Toward the front.
-The belly button in on the anterior surface of the body.

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

Toward the back.
-The patient had a bump on the posterior part of her head.

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

Toward the middle.
-The nose is medial to the eyes.

Question 8

Superior

Answer 8

Toward the top.
-The nose is superior to the mouth.

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Towards the side.
-The eyes are lateral to the nose.

Question 9

Inferior

Answer 9

Toward the bottom.
-The mouth is inferior to the nose.

Question 10

Proximal

Answer 10

Near point of reference.
-The wrist is proximal to the fingers.

Question 11

Distal

Answer 11

Away from point of reference.
-The fingers are distal to the shoulders.

Question 12

External

Answer 12

On the outside.
-The external defibrillator is used on the outside of the chest.

Question 13

Internal

Answer 13

On the inside.
-He received internal injuries from the accident.

Question 14

Superficial

Answer 14

At the body surface.
-The cut was only superficial.

Question 15

Deep

Answer 15

Under the body surface.
-The patient had deep wounds from the chainsaw.

Question 16

Central

Answer 16

Locations around center of body.
-The patient had central chest pain.

Question 17

Peripheral

Answer 17

Surrounding or outer regions.
-The patient had peripheral swelling in the feet.

Question 18

Know the difference between frontal (coronal), median (midsagittal), and transverse planes.

Answer 18

The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back).
The median plane divides the body into right and left sections.
The transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom).

Question 19

What is homeostasis and how are negative and positive feedback cycles different? Give an example of each.

Answer 19

Homeostasis - is the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment and balance. Survival depends on our ability to maintain homeostasis.

-Negative feed back - if the feedback opposes the stimulus (Ex. the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis. If it gets a message that your body is cold, then it does things to warm it).

-Positive feed back - increases the chance of a resisting reaction in your body to not be changed which is often harmful if the cycle cannot be broken (anxiety/panic attacks).

Question 20

List and describe some functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 20

-Provides framework for the human body.
-Produces blood cells.
-Provides protection for organs.

Question 21

Categorize ‘long, short, flat, or irregular’ bones.

Answer 21

Long bones - are longer than they are wide and are found in your arms and legs.

Short bones - are fairly equal width and length, similar to a cube, and are mostly found in your wrist and ankles.

Flat bones - are thinner bones that can either be flat or curved and are platelike. Examples are bones in the skull, ribs, and breastbone.

Irregular bones - are the odd-shaped bones needed to connect to other bones. Examples are hip bones, and the vertebrae that makes up your spine.

Question 22

Periosteum

Answer 22

A tough and fibrous connective tissue containing blood vessels that transport blood and nutrients into the bone to nuture the bone cells.

Question 23

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 23

has a high fat content.

Question 24

Red bone marrow

Answer 24

Makes blood cells.

Question 25

Compact bone

Answer 25

Is a dense, hard tissue normally found in the shafts of long bones and the outer layer of other bones.

Question 26

Spongy bone

Answer 26

Tissue is arranged in bars and plates called trabeculae. It helps make the bones lighter in weight and provides space for red bone marrow.

Question 27

What is ossification (or osteogenesis) and how do the following cells contribute. Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. How is endochondral ossification different?

Answer 27

Ossification or osteogenesis, is the formation of bone in the body.

-Osteoprogenitor cells - are nonspecialized cells found in the periosteum, endosperm, and central canal or compact bones.

-Osteoblasts cells - are the cells that actually form bones.

-Osteocytes - are considered mature bone cells that were originally osteoblasts.

Osteoclasts - tearing down old bone and help move calcium and phosphate into the blood.

Endochondral ossification is different because instead of making bone, bones are being replaced by cartilage.

Question 28

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 28

The growth plate.

Question 29

What are the 4 stages of bone repair following a fracture?

Answer 29

Stage one (hematoma formation and inflammation) - the blood collects around the fracture in a hematoma. The injured tissues release chemicals that trigger inflammation.

Stage two (soft (fibrocartilage) callus formation) - cartilage fills in the space between the bones and blood vessels begin to grow into the area.

Stage three ( hard (bony) callus formation) - bone replaces the cartilage which is endochondral ossification.

Stage four - the bone is remodelled due to the activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts working until the fracture is nearly undetectable.

Question 30

What is bone made of and why is nutrition so important?

Answer 30

Bones are made up of connective tissue, bone cells, and calcium. Therefore, it is important to have proper nutrition to get the carbs, fats, and proteins needed to energize and work your muscles. Also, to get calcium

Question 31

Cartilage

Answer 31

Is a form of connective tissue that can withstand a fair amount of flexing, tension, and pressure. Ex) The flexible parts of your nose and ear.

Question 32

Define joints and how it is classified.

Answer 32

Joints are the areas where two or more bones meet to allow movement. It can be immobile or mobile.

-Fibrous joints - Where fibrous tissue connects two bones. Ex) sutures in your skull.

-Cartilaginous joints - Joints where the bones are entirely joined by the cartilage. Ex) pubic symphysis, and the joints between your ribs and sternum.

-Synovial joints - The only moving joint and most common. Ex) Wrist, ankle, hip, shoulder.

Question 33

Ligaments

Answer 33

are very tough, whitish bands that connect one bone to another and can withstand pretty heavy stress. Bone to bone.

Question 34

Tendons

Answer 34

are cordlike structures that attach bone to muscle.

Question 35

Arthritis

Answer 35

Inflammatory process of the joint or joints. To help prevent it, prevent injuries in the joints and be healthy.

Question 36

Osteoporosis

Answer 36

Decreasing bone density. Exercise and nutrition plays a vital role in developing and maintaining bones.

Question 37

Axial Skeleton

Answer 37

Bony thorax, hyoid bones, bone of the middle ear, and skull (Head and main body)

Question 38

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 38

Region of your appendages (arms and legs), as well as the connecting bone structure of the hips and shoulder girdles.

Question 39

Skeletal muscle: is it voluntary or involuntary; what does it attach to; what is the main function; what chemicals are needed for muscles to relax and contract; why are high demand muscles darker; what are agonist; point of origin and insertion; synergistic; antagonists pairs and diaphragm?

Answer 39

-They are voluntary because its movement can be controlled by conscious though.

-Attached to bones.

-Provides movement for your body.

-ATP and calcium are need to relax and contract.

-Higher demand muscles have a much richer and larger blood supply.

-Agonist is a muscle group that causes movement.

-Point of origin is the end of a muscle that attaches to stationary bone while point of insertion is the end of a muscle that is attached to the moving bone.

-Synergistic is a cooperating action of certain muscles.

-Antagonist is something that does the opposite of the agonist.

-Diaphragm is a muscular sheet that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Question 40

Smooth muscle: is it voluntary or involuntary; where is it found; what are vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

Answer 40

-Smooth muscle in involuntary.

-It is found in all the organs of the body expect the heart such as the stomach and other digestive organs, the uterus, and the blood vessels and bronchial airways.

-Vasodilation can lead to decreases in blood pressure due to smooth muscle relaxation in the vessel that allows it to enlarge.

-Vasoconstriction can cause increased blood pressure due to the smooth muscle contraction that retracts the blood vessel.

Question 41

Cardiac muscle: it is voluntary or involuntary; where is it located; what are intercalated discs?

Answer 41

-Cardiac muscle is involuntary.

-Cardiac muscles form the walls of the heart.

-Intercalated discs connect the cardiac muscles together. Because of this connection, as one fiber contacts the adjacent one contracts, and so on.

Question 42

What is the main organ of the integumentary system? What are some of the main functions of this system?

Answer 42

The main organ of the integumentary system is the skin.
Some of the main functions:
-The system helps keep the body from drying out.
-Acts as a storage for fatty tissue necessary for energy.
-With the aid of sunshine, produces vitamin D.

Question 43

Epidermis

Answer 43

The most outer layer of skin that we normally see. It’s avascular (contains no blood vessels).

Question 44

Dermis

Answer 44

The layer below, or deep within the epidermis layer. This layer of dense, irregular, connective tissue is considered the “true skin” and contains capillaries, involuntary muscles, sensory receptors, hair follicles, etc.

Question 45

Subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis)

Answer 45

The deepest layer of the skin which is composted of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty adipose tissue.

Question 46

What are melanocytes and melanin?

Answer 46

Melanocytes are located deep in the epidermis and are responsible for skin colour. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is the actual substance that helps determine skin colour.

Question 47

Why does sweat stink? What is the purpose of sebum?

Answer 47

-Sweat stinks due to it being left on your skin and bacteria degrading into the sweat chemicals.

-Sebum keeps the skin from drying out.

Question 48

What are the steps of skin healing after it has been cut?

Answer 48

-If skin is punctured and blood vessels in the skin are damaged, the wound fills with blood.
-The blood clots and the top part of the clot turns into a scab.
-Inflammatory response occurs, with migration of white blood cells to the damaged area to destroy any pathogens that may have entered the wound.
-At the same time, fibroblasts come in and begin pulling the edges of the wound together.
-The basal layer of the epidermis begins to hyper produce new cells for the repair of the wound.
-The wound then heals from the inside to the outside.

Question 49

First degree burn

Answer 49

Has damaged only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis, and is considered a partial thickness burn. Skin will be red and painful but will not blister.

Question 50

Second degree burn

Answer 50

Burns involve the entire depth of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis, but are still considered partial thickness burns. it causes pain redness, and blistering.

Question 51

Third degree burn

Answer 51

Affects all three skin layers and are therefore called full thickness burns. Here, the surface of the skin has a leathery feel to it and it varies in colour such as black, brown, tan, red, or white. The victim will feel no pain because pain receptors have been destroyed.

Question 52

Fourth degree burns

Answer 52

Are also known as full thickness burns, are burns that penetrate to the bone or underlying structures such as muscles and tendons. Also no pain

Question 53

What is jaundice and what causes it?

Answer 53

In a situation where certain liver disease exists because the body can excrete a substance called bilirubin. As bilirubin builds up in the body, jaundice occurs, giving the skin a deeper yellow colour.

Question 54

How does body hair help us physically?

Answer 54

-Helps to regulate body temperature.
-Functions as a sensor to help detect things on our skin such as bugs or cobwebs.
-Eyelashes help protect our eyes from foreign objects, and hair in nose helps to filter out gross particle matter.