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ARE STUDY > Site > Flashcards

Site Flashcards

1
Q

Foundations

A

Transfer buildings structural loads to the ground

  • reach bedrock or soil competent enough to bear weight, of building
  • Get below frostline
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2
Q

Buoyant upload forces

A

When underground water pushes upon a building
- makes it want to “float”

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3
Q

Dead loads

A

Weight of the building, permanent

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4
Q

Live loads

A

People, furnishings, weather, temporary or moving

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5
Q

Lateral loads

A

Wind, seismic, soil and hydrostatic pressure (lateral soil loads)

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6
Q

Building settling

A

We want buildings to settle evenly
- IF a building is on rock, settling is negligible
- People start to feel the difference at I degree slope

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7
Q

Largest to smallest particles

A

Boulders
Cobbles
Gravel
sand
Silt
Clay

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8
Q

Organic soil

A

Peat and top soil

Must be cleared from the site and stored because the building can’t bear on it
Changes form with biological activity /(plants, rot, etc. )
Can re-use later for landscaping

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9
Q

Arrange from least to most competent particles for supporting a building

A

Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay

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10
Q

Which particle is weird and changes behavior most?

A

Clay - plate like particles, high liquid amount, can be highly expansive, can consolidate (remove moisture under pressure) , brittle, sticky

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11
Q

Which are frictional?

A

Gravel, sand- rely on internal friction for strength

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12
Q

Which are cohesive?

A

Clay and silt (less than clay)

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13
Q

What is the liquid limit of a soil?

A

The water content at which the soil transitions from semi-solid to fluid.

Sand and silt change a lot with water content - IF there is too much water in the ground or an earthquake happens, the ground can liquify

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14
Q

What is plastic limit?

A

How much water a soil can absorb before starting to expand

It we keep adding water, once it flows it has reached its liquid limit

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15
Q

What is shear strength (as it applies to earth materials)?

A

The resistance of particles sliding over each other due to friction or interlocking, and possibly cementation or bonding at particle contact

Densely packed course grain soils exhibit higher shear strength - carry heavier building loads / sq unit of area
Loosely packed coarse grained soils exhibit less shear strength (holds less weights )
Smaller ground soils: sand, silt, clay, have an even lower shear strength and can carry less building (these are more prone to change with water)

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16
Q

Poorly graded soil

A

= well sorted - best for drainage

Sorted is inverse of graded

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17
Q

Well graded soil

A

= poorly sorted - good support, wider variety of sizes, packed in better and tight, stronger

Sorted is inverse of graded

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18
Q

Brownfield site

A

A contaminated or believed to be contaminated site
- disposal (chemicals)
- hazardous materials (underground gas tank)
- Paint factory, dry cleaners
- former mill/ oast house (kiln)

19
Q

What is the angle of repose?

A

The steepest angle that the side of the excavated area can be before the soil backslides into the pit
- measured up from horizontal
- steeper for cohesive soils (clay)
- lower for friction soils like gravel and sand

20
Q

Soldier beams

A

Wide flange steel beams driven into soil

  • and lagging (wood boards) between each
  • shoring system-keeps earth out as we dig
21
Q

Methods for holding earth back during excavation

A

Shoring-holding dirt back - typically temporary, but may have to stay if adjacent to existing building or deep

Soldier beams
Sheeted excavation (steel sheets driven into ground- excavate between)
Trenches (modular, reusable system that is temporary instead of shoring )
Benched excavation
Soil mixing (create walls for excavation-dig holes, fill with cement, water and soil mix to create strengthened barrier wall)
Slurry walls ( used with soft earth or high ground water - economical )

22
Q

Tie beam vs grade beam

A

The beams only tackle horizontal load. Grade beams can handle vertical roads like it a column or wall is on top)

23
Q

Shallow frost protected footing

A

Run insulation underground next to fasting to use buildings heat to keep soil from freezing - used when we don’t excavate below frost line

24
Q

Caissons

A

Drilled and filled - deep foundation
Can go all the way to bedrock - high bearing capacity
Can be 12’ in diameter
Sometimes 2x height of structure
Work in cohesive soils ( clay)

25
Q

Piles

A

Hammered in - deep foundation

Sometimes you can get to depth that there is enough resistance to the hammer pushing piles in (friction) that you don’t have to go as deep as caissons

26
Q

Dampproofing

A

Designed to resist the passage of water only in the absence of hydrostatic pressure (jv)

27
Q

Waterproofing

A

Surface treated to resist the passage of water under hydrostatic pressure

28
Q

Active vs passive methods for removing radon

A

Radon - second leading cause of lung cancer
Dense gas that stays low, can Pass through any material

active = fan

29
Q

Alta/ A SCM survey

A

Shows improvements, easements, right-of-way and other things impacting land ownership (lawyers surveys )

30
Q

Topographical surveys

A

Measures topographical changes and sometimes notable and features

31
Q

Cofferdam

A

Temporary structure to hold back a body of water

32
Q

Checkdam

A

Steep slope (stream or when floods) and provides a choke point - used to slow rain water and erosion

33
Q

Riprap

A

Rock used to protect the water / land barrier and helps prevent erosion

34
Q

Zoning ordinance is a variance

A

Zoning = rule

Variance = exception if granted)

Zoning ordinance establishes density, allowable use, parking requirements, setbacks

Variance request through A HJ

35
Q

Right-of-way

A

Allows people to use that portion of the land for access

36
Q

Easement

A

Allows others to control part of your land (utilities )
You can’t build on them
Easements can be placed on your land for environmental reasons

37
Q

First-right-of - refusal

A

Giving someone first access to a site/ space usually adjacent) IF it were to become available

38
Q

Eminent domain

A

Government can take and pay a reasonable price for property for the public good ( usually public works)

39
Q

Setback

A

Plan - minimum requirements for a building to be away from the road, property line, or another building

40
Q

Step-back

A

Section - requirements for buildings to step-back and allow light and air to get to the street - combat urban canyon effect.

41
Q

Solar geometry

A

Attitude of sun
90-latitude (fall and spring equinox)
Add 15° to (90-latitude) - summer
Subtract 15 from (90° - latitude) :

Example - 40° latitude =
50° altitude at equinox
45 altitude in summer
25 attitude in winter

42
Q

Economize cycle

A

Using outside air to help minimize heating or cooling needed (free cooling)

43
Q

Green roofs

A

Want to be flat - upto 45°

44
Q

Plat

A

Survey that shows boundaries / divisions of land with property rights

ARE STUDY (9 decks)

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