Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II Lecture > exam 2 urinary > Flashcards

exam 2 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system made of?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters (1 per kidney), 1 urinary bladder, & 1 urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the ureters, bladder, & urethra?

A

to transport & store urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the kidneys remove?

A

toxins from blood (especially nitrogen-containing wastes) & excess ions such as K+, Na+, Cl-, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the kidneys help regulate?

A

blood pH by removing excess hydrogen ions & blood pressure by adjusting water levels in the blood (adjusts blood volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

a hormone that is released by the kidneys to stimulate the production of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the size of a kidney?

A

4 1/2 inches long, 2 1/2 inches wide, & 1 inch thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

posterior to the body wall/abdominopelvic cavity; this is called retroperitoneal; they lie at the level of T12-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a hilum?

A

indented area in the kidneys where the ureter, renal artery, & renal vein attach; it faces the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is each kidney protected by?

A

renal capsule, adipose capsule, & renal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

deepest layer protecting the kidneys; attaches to the surface; very delicate & thin; holds parts of the kidney together to prevent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the adipose capsule?

A

layer of fat that cushions the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

tough superficial connective tissue covering that binds kidney in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is nephrotosis?

A

when the renal fascia becomes compromised; causes the kidney to shift & kinking the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

outer zone of the inside of the kidney; grainy appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

middle part of the inside of the kidney; contains renal pyramids, papillae, & columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

there are 8-18 per kidney; triangular areas filled with little straight tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are renal papillae?

A

pointed ends of each renal pyramid; where newly made urine is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are renal columns?

A

grainy areas between the renal pyramids; continuous with the tissue in the renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does newly formed urine travel after it exits the renal papillae?

A

through the kidney cavity which is made of minor calyces, major calyces, & the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are minor calyces?

A

they drain urine from each papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are major calyces?

A

larger tubes that form from the merger of the minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel-shaped area formed by merger of major calyces; opens into ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the flow of urine?

A

renal papilla ⤏ minor calyx ⤏ major calyx ⤏ renal pelvis ⤏ out of kidney through ureter ⤏ urinary bladder ⤏ exits through urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are nephrons?

A

microscopic units where urine is formed; they fill the renal cortex & medulla regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the components of a nephron?

A

glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, Henle’s loop, DCT, & collecting tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a capillary knot whose walls have tiny holes between cells which allow filtrate to flow out of the blood & into the capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

surrounds the glomerulus; a double layered epithelial cup; the 2 layers are parietal & visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

adheres onto the surface of the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

the outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is found in between the parietal & visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule?

A

the capsular space which collects filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

epithelial cells called podocytes that have tiny extensions called pedicels which interlace forming openings called fenestrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens after “dirty blood” enters the glomerulus?

A

it flows through while filtrate passes through the fenestrations & into the capsular space; following filtration, “clean blood” exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does filtrate contain?

A

ions, glucose, water, & urea (waste)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do “dirty blood” & “clean blood” move throughout the glomerulus?

A

“dirty blood” enters via affferent arteriole & “clean blood” exits via efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens throughout tubes such as PCT, Henle’s loop, & DCT?

A

“good stuff” is recycled while additional “bad stuff” is added to filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

surrounding blood vessels that molecules move into & out of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 3 steps to urine formation?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

filters blood at the glomerulus; there are 3 pressures

39
Q

What is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

force of blood in glomerulus pushing filtrate INTO capsular space; varies with overall body blood pressure but is usually 60 mmHg

40
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

force of Bowman’s capsule pushing some filtrate BACK INTO GLOMERULUS; usually 18 mmHg

41
Q

What is blood colloidal osmotic pressure?

A

attraction of some filtrate so that it travels BACK INTO GLOMERULUS; usually 32 mmHg

42
Q

What is the net filtration rate?

A

10 mmHg

43
Q

When is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure above 60 mmHg?

A

when our body’s blood pressure is too high

44
Q

What happens when the net filtration pressure is abnormally high?

A

damage to the glomerulus can occur; to prevent this, the diameters of the afferent & efferent arterioles are controlled which is called renal autoregulation

45
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole is constricted & the efferent arteriole is dilated?

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure lowers

46
Q

What happens when the efferent arteriole is constricted & the afferent arteriole is dilated?

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure raises

47
Q

When are other mechanisms used to control high/low blood pressure?

A

only if renal autoregulation is not enough to adequately restore glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure to 60 mmHg

48
Q

What “other” mechanism is used when blood pressure is too high?

A

cells in the wall of the heart’s right atrium can become stretched due to high blood pressure, causing them to they release a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

49
Q

What does ANP do?

A

travels to the kidneys & causes a reduction in Na+ reabsorption from filtrate into the blood of the vasa recta, causing Na+ to stay in filtrate & become part of urine

50
Q

How does the presence of Na+ in filtrate reduce blood volume & pressure?

A

Na+ makes osmotic pressure of filtrate higher which draws H2O in

51
Q

What “other” mechanism is used when blood pressure is too low?

A

special cells in the wall of the DCT near glomerulus & in the wall of the afferent arteriole release an enzyme called renin

52
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

the special cells that release renin; they constantly monitor filtrate pressure in DCT & blood pressure in the afferent arteriole

53
Q

What does renin do?

A

travels through the blood & converts lots of molecules eventually forming a hormone called angiotensin II

54
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

constricts “peripheral blood flow” & efferent arterioles even more than usual, stimulates thirst to increase blood volume & pressure, & triggers adrenal glands to release aldosterone

55
Q

What is the benefit of angiotensin II constricting peripheral blood flow?

A

it diverts some blood from the skin to the kidneys (hopefully)

56
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

keeps the “good” or useful stuff such as glucose, ions, carbonate, & water based on current blood chemistry; occurs between tubules & vasa recta

57
Q

What does tubular reabsorption do?

A

transfers the “good” molecules from the filtrate into the blood of the vasa recta

58
Q

What does tubular reabsorption do with glucose?

A

glucose from PCT filtrate is moved into the blood using carrier protein molecules

59
Q

What happens if the level of filtrate glucose has exceeded tubular maximum?

A

this means there is such a great concentration of glucose in the PCT that not all of it can be reabsorbed; the excess continues in the filtrate to become part of urine

60
Q

What does tubular reabsorption do to ions?

A

ions such as K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, etc are recycled as needed

61
Q

Why do ions like K+ need to be kept in proper levels?

A

if K+ levels are too low, breathing stops & if K+ levels are too high, the heart stops

62
Q

Why is carbonate recycled?

A

it is a buffer; this is an attempt to keep blood pH at normal levels

63
Q

How much water is recycled in tubular reabsorption?

A

95-99% of the water in filtrate

64
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

it enhances the reabsorption of water; it makes the DCT & collecting tubules more permeable to water so that it exits the tubules & enters the vasa recta

65
Q

What are characteristics of urine with ADH?

A

urine volume is low & urine is concentrated (dark in color)

66
Q

What are characteristics of urine with low ADH?

A

urine volume is high & urine is dilute (light in color)

67
Q

What is the flow of filtrate?

A

capsular space ⤏ PCT ⤏ Henle’s loop ⤏ DCT ⤏ collecting tubule ⤏ renal papilla

68
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

gets rid of the “bad” or excess stuff

69
Q

What does tubular secretion do?

A

moves molecules from the blood in the vasa recta into the nephron tubules; this could include ions, excess H+, urea, & specific drugs

70
Q

What does tubular secretion do to ions?

A

gets rid of any excess ions which could be K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, etc. ; this helps adjust the blood levels of these ions

71
Q

Why does tubular secretion get rid of excess H+?

A

helps blood pH stay at normal levels; could result in metabolic acidosis if it does not work properly

72
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

occurs when blood becomes acidic; causes confusion, sleepiness, lethargy, & nausea

73
Q

What is urea?

A

a waste that is generated from metabolism of proteins

74
Q

How is urea formed?

A

as proteins are used, ammonia is formed which is a very toxic, nitrogen-containing molecule; the liver converts ammonia into urea

75
Q

Why is urea removed through tubular secretion?

A

although urea is less toxic than ammonia, it is still very toxic; if it is not removed, confusion, sleepiness, lethargy, & nausea can occur

76
Q

How is urea removed in a “last ditch effort”?

A

urea crystallizes out of the body through the skin & appears as a layer of salt on the surface of the skin

77
Q

What specific drugs are removed through tubular secretion?

A

morphine & penicillin as well as drugs similar to those

78
Q

What organs are responsible for removing various drugs?

A

liver & kidneys

79
Q

What is the ureter?

A

12 inch long tube that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

80
Q

How does the ureter join with the urinary bladder?

A

since the kidneys are retroperitoneal & the bladder is in the abdominopelvic cavity, the ureters must turn anteriorly & pierce through the body wall; joins at the bladder’s inferior portion

81
Q

What are the layers of the wall of the ureters & urinary bladder?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, & serosa (from deep to superficial)

82
Q

What is the mucosa layer of the ureter?

A

deepest layer; the mucous epithelium protects the ureter from urine

83
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the ureter & urinary bladder?

A

a layer of connective tissue

84
Q

What is the muscularis layer of the ureter?

A

smooth muscle that undergoes peristalsis to move urine to the bladder

85
Q

What is the serosa layer of the ureter & urinary bladder?

A

superficial covering that anchors them in place as well as secure blood vessels & nerves

86
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

hollow sack that expands as urine volume increases; joins inferiorly with urethra

87
Q

How much can the bladder hold?

A

it varies, but approximately 1 liter

88
Q

What is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder?

A

deepest layer; made of transitional epithelium which can stretch as the bladder fills with urine

89
Q

What is the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle; it is for peristalsis & forms ridges called rugae; allows the bladder to expand as it fills & contract for urination

90
Q

What is the urethra?

A

a tube that extends from the inferior part of the bladder to the outside of the body

91
Q

What is different about the urethra in men?

A

it is longer and has both urinary & reproductive functions

92
Q

What are the 2 sphincter muscles that bound the urethra?

A

internal & external urinary sphincter muscles

93
Q

What is the internal urinary sphincter muscle?

A

at the base of the bladder; controlled by ANS

94
Q

What is the external urinary sphincter muscle?

A

at the inferior body wall; controlled by somatic nervous system after the age of 2

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions