X-ray Of Body

Question 1

F&A - What do heal fat pad measurements do

Answer 1

Thickness and size can indicate damage to plantar fascia

Normal ranges:
Male = average 19mm & max 25mm
Female = average 19mm & max 23mm

Question 2

F&A - What does the Boeler’s angle do

Answer 2

Angle of three highest points on calcaneous

Normal measurements 28* - 40*

Question 3

What is an enthesis

Answer 3

The point where a tendon inserts into bone

(Seen on x-ray by an increase in radiopacity)

Question 4

Describe the term sclorosis

Answer 4

Thickening of bone due to increased load

Question 5

K - Sesamoid bones & osicles

Answer 5

Fabella - lateral head of gastrocnemius above tibiofemoral joint line

Cymella - within tendon of popliteus in femoral popliteal groove

Meniscal - within posterior horn of medial meniscus

Question 6

K - Describe bipartite, tripartite, multipartite patella

Answer 6

Develops a single ossification centre at 5/6 years old

Failure of full ossification - isolated segments

Question 7

K - Normal value for axial relationships of knee

Femoral angle

Answer 7

Average = 81
Minimum = 75
Maximum = 85

Question 8

K - Normal value for axial relationships of knee

Tibial angle

Answer 8

Average = 93
Minimum = 85
Maximum = 100

Question 9

K - What are the normal views of the knee

Answer 9

AP knee - intercondylar (tunnel) projection

Lateral knee - tangential (sunrise) projection

Question 10

K - Explain the supra patella pouch

Answer 10

Knee swells upwards

Space (joint capsule) between quadriceps tendon & femur

Question 11

K - Explain the dorsal defect of the patella

Answer 11

A small osteo lytic defect of the superior lateral dorsal surface of the patella (small patch of radiolucency on x-ray)

Non specific non inflammatory material is present

Question 12

F&A - Describe the normal views of the foot & ankle

Answer 12

AP ankle
Lateral ankle
Dorsiplantar foot
Lateral foot

Question 13

F&A - Describe the special views of the foot & ankle

Answer 13

Medial oblique ankle
Medial oblique foot

Question 14

F&A - Describe tarsal coalition

Answer 14

Connection of the tarsal bones in the foot

Question 15

F&A - Describe calcaneal apophysis

Answer 15

Inflammation of the calcaneal growth plate

Question 16

H&P - What are the common views of the hip

Answer 16

AP
Frog-leg projection

Question 17

H&P - What are the common views of the pelvis

Answer 17

AP pelvis
AP sacrum
Lateral sacrum
AP coccyx
Lateral coccyx

Question 18

H&P - Why can’t the SI joint be seen from an AP view

Answer 18

It would be superimposed so can only be seen from an angle

Question 19

Definition of buttressing

Answer 19

The development of thickened or exostotic buccal alveolar bone in response to heavy occlusal forces

Question 20

What is a spot view

Answer 20

A view specific to a particular area (eg, coccyx)

Question 21

What is osteopenia

Answer 21

Loss of bone mineral density, indicates fewer minerals

Question 22

H&P - Key alignment guides and lines for the hip

Answer 22

Teardrop distance
Hip joint space width
Protrusio Acetbuli
Shenton’s Line
Klein’s Line

Pelvis - Intercrestal Line

Question 23

H&P - Describe teardrop distance

Answer 23

Between the medial femoral head and the outer cortex of the pelvic teardrop

Question 24

H&P - Teardrop distance normal values

Answer 24

Average = 9mm
Minimum = 6mm
Maximum = 11mm

Question 25

H&P - Describe a slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Answer 25

A common hip pathology in pre-adolescent and adolescents - Salter-Harris fracture

Femoral epiphysis is abnormally displaced posteriorly and inferiorly relative to the femoral head and neck

Question 26

What is a Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 26

Fractures through a growth plate and are therefore specifically applied to bone fractures in children

Question 27

H&P - Describe the femoral angle

Answer 27

Two line drawn through and parallel to the mid-axis of the femoral shaft and femoral neck. The femoral angle is measured.

Question 28

H&P - Normal values for the femoral angle

Answer 28

Minimum = 120* (value <120* coxa vara - turned out)
Maximum = 130* (value >130* coxa valga - turned in)

If coxa vara or coxa valga in hip, the opposite will be present in the knee joint)

Question 29

T&S - What are the common views of the thorax and spine

Answer 29

AP lumbopelvic
Lateral lumbosacral
Lumbar oblique
AP lumbosacral sopot
Lateral lumbosacral spot

Question 30

T&S - What are the thoracic spine views

Answer 30

Thoracic spine AP
Thoracic spine lateral
Lateral cervicothoracic

Question 31

T&S - DEscribe the lumbar measurements and alignment tools

Answer 31

Lumbar lordosis
Lumbosacral lordosis angle
Spondylolisthesis

Question 32

T&S - Describe the condition spondylolisthesis

Answer 32

Anterior or retro

Slippage of vertebrae (most commonly L5 or S1)

Failure for vertebrae to unite & form correctly
Trauma (eg, fracture of pars) causing the vertebral body to become forced forward

Measured by Meyerding’s classification of spondylolisthesis

Question 33

H&N - What are the common views of the head and neck

Answer 33

AP lower cervical spine
AP open mouth
Neutral lateral cervical spine

Question 34

H&N - What are the special views of the head and neck

Answer 34

Oblique projection
Flexion/Extension views

Question 35

S - What are the standard views of the shoulder

Answer 35

AP internal rotation
AP external rotation
AP AC joint
PA clavicle

Question 36

S - What are the special views of the shoulder

Answer 36

Abduction (baby arm)

Question 37

S - What are the measurement & alignment

Answer 37

Glenohumeral joint space
Acromioclavicular joint space
Acromiohumeral joint space