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APUSH > Unit 6: 1865 - 1898 > Flashcards

Unit 6: 1865 - 1898 Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of the Mechanization of Agriculture? How did it change the economic situation of farmers?

A
  • Mechanical Reaper
  • Combine Harvester
  • replaced human and animal power as primary means of planting and harvesting crops
  • production of corn and wheat roughly doubled between 1870-1900
  • increasing obsolescence of small farmers (many closed due to bigger farms buying out or taking over)
    -prices on crops declined
  • all farmers were feeling some economic pain
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2
Q

What is industrial trusts? How did it impact farmers?

A
  • made sure prices remained high on manufactured goods
  • farmers spent all their time farming so they had to buy manufactured goods like clothes and furniture
  • trouble for farmers to pay for these needs
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3
Q

How did the railroads impact farmers?

A
  • they relied on railroads and trains to ship their crops to market for sale
  • BUT railroad owners were charging unnaturally high prices for these services
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4
Q

What movement was created because of farmer discontent? When was it created? What did they do?

A

NATIONAL GRANGE MOVEMENT (1868)
- a collective aimed at bringing isolated farmers to gather for socialization and education
- became political quickly
- pushed many Midwestern States to pass laws for regulating railroad rates for carrying freight
- made abusive corporate practices that hurt farmers ILLEGAL
- GRANGER LAWS

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5
Q

What was Commerce Act of 1886? What did it lead to?

A
  • required railroad rates to be reasonable and just and established a federal agency to enforce the said reasonable laws
  • led to …
    INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION:
  • government excited to move and expand west, so the New Technology of Railroads allowed for mass migration of Americans
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6
Q

What were the 2 sets of laws that made westward expansion possible?

A

PACIFIC RAILROADS ACT:
- federal gov. granted huge lands to railroad companies to build a transcontinental railroad
- 1869 Promontory Summit, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the meeting of two rails the stretched from the east to the west coast
- 4 more transcontinental railroads built later on

HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862 - granted potential migrants a 160 acres of land for free on conditions that they settle and farm on it for several years
– not a good idea because :
1) small farmers got eventually taken over by bigger ones
2) 160 acres in west was not nearly enough land for a farmer to make a living

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7
Q

How did precious metals motivate expansion westward? What was Pikes Peak? What are some examples of Boom Towns that popped up, and what was unique about them?

A

PRECIOUS METALS: far back as 1858 for Gold Rush
- continue for next 4 decades
PIKES PEAK 1869: gold discovered
- influx of over 100,000 into surrounding regions
- BOOM TOWNS: ex. Denver City, Boulder City
– extremely diverse

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8
Q

Why was westward expansion important to Americans?

A
  • starting in 1865, Americans began pushing westward again, in hopes of achieving self sufficiency and independence
  • by 1900, the vast frontier was mostly settled
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9
Q

How did Cowboys came to be, and how did they dissipate? What act cause this?

A
  • settlers brought many cattle with them to the Great Plains Region
  • construction of railroads in Kansas facilitated cattle trade in the eastern markets (Cowboys)
  • from 1860’s -1880’s, cowboys drove massive herds of cattle across the plains to markets

HOMESTEADERS ACT - hurt the cowboys
– land was granted free from gov. and put in barbed wire fences
– ended open cattle drives (originally there was no wood to make fences or the technology for barb wires)

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10
Q

What were Sodbusters? Did they ALL really get what they were promised?

A
  • what the Homesteaders were called
  • realistically only 1/5 got land for free
    – others got it from railroad companies who had gotten it cheap/ free from gov.
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11
Q

When did the US Census Bureau declare the closing of the frontier? Who and why did some people respond negatively to this situation?

A
  • 1890
    FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER:
  • “Significance of the Frontier in American History” published 1893
  • cause for concern, not celebration, for the closing of the frontier
  • westward expansion always had been done illegally or unsafely + was means of releasing American discontent
  • its “fresh start” was mythic + the west was a democratizing force
  • this largely leveled class and social hierarchy
  • Frederick worried these would lead to class conflicts like in Europe, who had no ‘west’ to push into
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12
Q

What happened to the Oklahoma Territory?

A

It became Indian Territory

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13
Q

What was the Reservation system? What complications did the Natives face? How did they react and what did it lead to? Why were the Natives finally kicked out completely?

A
  • Indian populations were assigned to live on tracts of land with strict boundaries
  • DID NOT suit many Indians since their lives were based around the movement Buffalo herd through plains
    – HOWEVER Americans decimated buffalo populations
  • Indians were basically wards of fed. gov. until they “learned to be like white people”
  • some Indians resisted
    SIOUX WARS :
  • beginning in 1854
  • beat an entire US Army division handily
  • fed. gov. made only more treaties with Indians and trying to restrict them on smaller and smaller reservations
  • when gold was discovered on their land, Americans were impossible to keep away
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14
Q

What was the Indian Appropriation Act of 1871? What did it lead to?
What was the Dawes Act of 1887?

A

INDIAN APPROPRIATION ACT:
- officially ended federal recognition of sovereignty of Indian Nations
- NULLIFIED ALL TREATIES MADE BEFORE
- led to another SIOUX WAR
- war with Comanches

DAWES ACT:
- federal gov. officially abandoned the reservation system and divided reservation lands in 160 acre plots to be farmed by the Indians
- allowed Natives to become American Citizens IF they settled on the land and assimilated into American society

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15
Q

What was the Assimilation movement? How did the Natives respond?

A
  • attempt to put an end to distinct Indian cultures through education, vocational training, and Christianizing them

Response:
GHOST DANCE MOVEMENT: developed by Indian prophet in Northwest named Wavoka
- spread across continent
- “If Indians participated in ritualistic dance, then the ghost of their ancestors would return and finally ‘drive the white man from their lands’”

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16
Q

What was the Battle of Wounded Knee 1890? What did it result in?

A
  • South Dakota
  • US Army trying to disarm a group of Lakota Indians when old man rose to perform the Ghost Dance, a gun went off, and in the end the Army killed more than 200 people
  • Indian resistance brought to an end?
17
Q

Who came up with visions of a ‘new South’? What were some of the other visions for this ‘new South’?
What was their reasoning for the Southern loss in Civil War?

A
  • post Civil War
    HENRY GRADY: editor of a newspaper called the Atlantic Constitution
  • coined the phrase “NEW SOUTH”
  • one of the reasons the South suffered in the war was because the North was more advanced industrially
  • envisioned a future for the South based on economic diversity, industrial growth, and laissez fair capitalism
18
Q

Did the South make any new gains in their attempt to becoming the ‘New South’?

A
  • Southern states at some point surpassed New England states in terms of textiles
  • population and miles of new railroads constructed equalled or surpassed that any other place in US

HOWEVER:
- despite many gains in South, it only took hold in a few places in the Southern States
- mostly still remained agricultural (reluctance to change)

19
Q

What was Plessy V. Ferguson?

A
  • insistence on white and black separation reached climax in landmark supreme court case

PLESSY V FERGUSON:
- 1896
- Louisiana required separate railcars for black and white passengers
- in 1892, a man named HOMER PLESSY challenged this law
- turned out to be 7/8 white and 1/8 black, so under Louisiana law, he was black
- went to supreme court after arrest

RULING:
- Racial segregation was constitutional as long as the separate facilities were equal in kind and quality
- “Separate but Equal”
- white supremacists could plead innocence regarding 14th Amendment
- “Equal Protection Under the Law”

20
Q

What were Jim Crow Laws? How did this impact black gains from reconstruction? What are some examples?

A
  • segregated EVERYTHING
  • equal in kind BUT NOT EQUAL IN QUALITY
  • black people lost many of the gains they had made during reconstruction
  • forbidden to serve on Jury or run for office
  • could be accused of crimes but not given dignity of court appearance
  • in 1890’s alone, more than 1,000 black people were violently lynched
21
Q

How was the resistance towards segregation and violence?
Who was Ida B. Wells?
Who was Henry Turner?
Who was Booker T. Washington?

A
  • along with violence came resistance

IDA B. WELLS: editor of a black newspaper in South
- against lynching and Jim Crow laws
- when pressed were destroyed by mob, she escaped North to continue

HENRY TURNER: founded International Migration Society in 1814
- black migration to Africa (Liberia)
- was not sustainable because of Liberias economy + disease

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON:
- controversial view
- black people DID NOT need to fight political level, but to instead be self sufficient economically
- this would equal to power
- deemed impractical by many

22
Q

What are some changes in economy and society in US because of Railroads? How did the fed. gov. contribute?

A

RAILROAD: quick and easy means of transportation of goods
- NATIONAL MARKER: mass production and mass consumption
- Americans began mass producing goods to be sold all over the world
–BEFORE: made things either for themselves or to be sold locally
- Fed. gov: provided land grants and loan subsidies to railroad companies
– around 170 million acres of land
– PURPOSE: further connecting various parts of the country to strengthen the economy
- 4 new transcontinental railroads added ADDITIONALLY to the first built in 1869

23
Q

What was the Bessemer Process? What were its impacts? How was it able to do this?

A
  • makes steel stronger by blasting air through molten iron to get a much higher quality steel
  • allowed manufacturers to make more quantity + quality
  • Greater access to resources facilitated all of this
24
Q

What were the significance of the technological innovations and resources? (Coal, Oil, Telegraph, Telephone)

A

COAL: first major source of energy for industrialization, both in factories and in locomotives, especially the hard coal known as anthracite coal found mainly in western Pennsylvania
OIL: later surpassed coal as main fuel in industry
TELEGRAPH: invented by Samuel Morse in 1844 for communication BUT during this period telegraph wires were multiplied significantly
- during this period they laid a trans-Atlantic cable connecting America to Europe
– international market for basic goods
TELEPHONE: made by Alexander Graham Bell
- within a year of its development, Bell funded Bell Telephone Company
- by 1888, there was like 50,000 telephones in use in America

25
Q

What is Industrialism? What is the Gilded Age?

A

INDUSTRIALISM: refers to the change in the way things are made, specifically toward mass production and mass consumption of foods
GILDED AGE: seems golden, but there was also corruption underneath the gold

26
Q

Who was John D. Rockefeller, and what did he own? What form of tactic did he use to be successful?

A
  • one of first millionaires in America
  • Standard Oil Company
    HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION: forced competitors to sell their companies to him, eliminating the competition
  • by 1880’s, Standard Oil controlled 90% of oil industry
27
Q

Who was Andrew Carnegie, and what did he own? What form of tactic did he use to be successful?

A
  • one of the first millionaires in America
  • Steel Industry
    VERTICAL INTEGRATION: a company acquires all the complementing industries that support its business (ex. mining, distribution, etc.)
  • ## this also meant no room for competition
28
Q

Why did companies begin looking for foreign markets?

A
  • industry leaders looked abroad for new opportunities of markets and natural resources, since many people did not have the intention of making America an empire
  • these men grew extremely wealthy
29
Q

Why were industrial leaders able to get away with anything?

A
  • laissez faire economy
  • prevented gov. intervention or regulation
    – some might have believed this idea, but more were bribed to keep their mouths shut
  • these capitalist leaders relied on underpaid laborers, mostly minority (NOT for equality, but for cheap labor)
30
Q

What was Social Darwinism and its use in this period?

A
  • similar to biological darwinism
  • “survival of the fittest”
  • started to apply to society
    – strong nations eat the week nations
    – strong companies eat the weak companies
  • the worlds wealth will be concentrated to the hands of those deemed to be the fittest
31
Q

What did normal people view the wealthy as?

A
  • “Captains of Industry” for those who admired them
  • “Robber Barons” who were against their methods of becoming wealthy
32
Q

How did the wealhty people live during this time? What did economicst Thornstein Veblen say about this?

A
  • largely surppased previous generations in terms of wealth
  • liked to put it on display
  • Veblen called this CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
33
Q

Wwhat the Baltimore House? How did this compare with the working class lifestyle?

A
  • completed construction in 1895
  • largest private residence in the nation
  • on the opposite end was poverty
    – struggled with barely livable wages
34
Q

What was the Panic of 1873 and 1893? How did this impact different classes in society?

A
  • the wealthy class insulated, but the working class wages dropped severely
  • costs on items decreased and wages ‘rose’ even if they were very little

HOWEVER: even if the wage gap was increasing, many peoples standard of living was also increasing

35
Q

What was the working conditions during this period? What did the workers do in response?

A
  • still very bad
  • thousands injured or killed
  • could not get their concerns heard since they could be easily fired
  • built labor unions
36
Q

What tactic did labor unions use?

A
  • political action
  • slow downs
  • strikes
37
Q

What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? How did the government respond?

A
  • railroad companies cut wages to save money during a recession
  • unionis went on strike
  • spread to eleven states and shut down more than 60% of nations railroads
  • eventually violence broke out
  • President Hayes sent fed. troops
    – in the end, 100 people died
38
Q

What was the Pullman Strike? Who was Eugene Debs? How did the government respond?

A
  • when the panic occurred, Pullman decided that the best way to save money was to cut the wages of workers
  • fired anyone who said anything about it

EUGENE DEBS: directed members of his union to not work for any trains that had pullman cars
- railroaders were on Pullmans side, so they made a scheme to hoop up Pullman cars to federal mail trains
– workers who interfered had to answer to the fed gov.
- Eugene Debs and others eventually jailed for hindering federally authorized trains

39
Q
A

APUSH (8 decks)

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