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extraoral imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Panoramic X-ray

the tubehead rotates behind the patient’s head

machine that captures the entire mouth in a single image

A
  • evaluating large areas of the skull
  • detecting impacted teeth, eruption patterns, and TMJ problems
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2
Q

what are the downsides of a panoramic x-ray?

A

usually not clear and detailed enough to assess caries and periodontal diseases

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3
Q

Focal trough

A

horseshoe-shaped narrow curved space where the structure is captured

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4
Q

objects inside the focal trough are?

A

clear

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5
Q

objects outside the focal trough are?

A

blurred

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6
Q

Collimator

A

a lead plate with a narrow vertical opening

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7
Q

panoramic x-ray

what can the clinician control?

A

the milliamperage and kilovoltage from the exposure setting

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8
Q

Can the exposure time be changed?

A

No

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9
Q

T/F: for x-rays, all objects should be removed from the mouth

including eyewear, earrings, nose rings, and other jewelry

dentures, retainers, tongue ring, etc

A

True

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10
Q

what should be worn to protect the patient’s back and shoulder?

A

a lead apron (without a thyroid collar)

to be worn like a poncho

wearing a thyroid collar would result in a shark’s fin artifact

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11
Q

which position of the machine is used to achieve the ideal position?

A

head position (consists of chin rest, notched bite-block, forehead rest, and lateral head support)

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12
Q

Frankfort plane

A

line from the bottom of the orbit to the top of the auditory meatus

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13
Q

Frankfort plane should be — to the floor

A

parallel

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14
Q

the patient should look forward and tip their chin?

A

slightly down (towards the floor)

this elevates the posterior palate so that it doesn’t overlap with the apices of the maxillary teeth

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15
Q

The midsaggital plane should be — to the floor

A

perpendicular

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16
Q

right before the exposure, the patient should swallow and — ?

A

lift the tip of the tongue up to the roof of the mouth

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17
Q

failure in lifting the tip of the tongue up to the roof of the mouth results in?

A

shadows over the maxillary teeth

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18
Q

shark’s fin error

A

lead collar above line

fix by lowering collar position

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19
Q

an exaggerated smile means?

A

patient’s chin is tipped too far down

fix by repositioning the chin

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20
Q

a flat or reversed smile means?

A

patient’s chin is tipped too far up

fix by repositioning the chin

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21
Q

if the Maxillary incisors’ roots are blurred?

A

the chin is tipped too far up

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22
Q

if one side of the x-ray shows larger teeth/condyle?

A

the patient’s head is twisted

reposition the head, midsagittal plane perpendicular to the floor (the larger side is the distant side)

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23
Q

Washington monument error

A

a white straight opacity in the middle of the image due to slumping caused ghost image of the spine

move patient’s feet forward, straighten the spine and lean backward

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24
Q

Air space error

A

Airway shadow in an arch shapeover maxillary teeth due to tongue not touching the roof of the mouth

have the patient swallow and reposition the tongue

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25
Q

Thick and wide anterior teeth mean?

A

chin placed behind the focal trough

reposition the chin forward, bite at the notch of the stick

26
Q

Skinny anterior teeth mean?

A

chin placed too far forward

reposition the chin back, bite at the notch of the stick

27
Q

small incisors

A

head too foward error

28
Q

enlarged incisors

A

head too far back error

29
Q

a ghose image indicates that?

A

accessories have not been removed

Ghost image looks similar to the real object but is on the opposite of the image and slightly higher (e.g., an earring on the right side produces a ghost image on the left side)

30
Q

radiograph anatomical landmarks

Incisive foramen

A

passageway for nasopalatine nerves. Small radiolucent oval between roots of maxillary central incisors

(should not be confused with periapical disease)

31
Q

radiograph anatomical landmarks

Median palatal suture

A

vertical radiolucent thin line in the middle of the palate

(should not be mistaken for a fracture)

32
Q

Nasal septum

A

thin wall that divides the nasal cavity into two

radiopaque vertical strip

33
Q

Nasal spine

A

projection of bone anteriorly

  • radiopaque triangle shape at median palatal suture where nasal septum and fossae meet
34
Q

Nasal cavity (nasal fossae)

A

large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face

radiolucent oval shapes superior to central incisors

35
Q

Inverted Y

A

junction where the nasal fossa and the maxillary sinus meet. Most commonly found superior to the maxillary canine apex

36
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

hollow spaces in bone superior to molar and premolar

37
Q

Maxillary tuberosity

A

distal portion of the alveolar process. Rounded, radiopaque elevation distal to third molar regions

38
Q

Hamulus

A

extension of medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

  • radiopaque hook-like protrusion posterior to maxillary tuberosity
39
Q

Zygomatic process

A

protruded arch of the zygomatic bone. U-shaped radiopaque band superior to molar apices

40
Q

Coronoid process

A

anterior portion of the ramus

Radiopaque triangular projection usually superimposed over maxillary tuberosity

41
Q

Genial tubercles

A

4 bony spines used for muscle attachment of the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles

Circular radiopacities inferior to central incisor apices

42
Q

Lingual foramen

A

exit for incisive vessel branches

The radiolucent circle inside the opaque genial tubercles on the mandibular anteriors

43
Q

Mental foramen

A

Opening for mental nerve and vessels inferior to mandibular premolar apices.

Round radiolucent area sometimes mistaken for periapical disease

44
Q

Mental ridge

A

Ridge of bone located on the anterior surface of the mandible

Bilateral radiopaque lines, starting inferior to premolar apices and extending anteriorly to the midline

45
Q

External oblique ridge

A

Linear area of bone on the external surface of the mandible

The radiopaque line running anterior from the ramus across the molars

46
Q

Internal oblique ridge (mylohyoid)

A

Elevated long area on the internal surface of the mandible

The radiopaque line running along the premolar and molar apices. It is usually positioned below the external oblique ridge on radiographs

47
Q

Submandibular fossa

A

radiolucent band that runs inferior to the mylohyoid line and apices of molars

48
Q

Nutrient canals

A

thin vertical radiolucent lines near the teeth, may be mistaken for bone fractures

49
Q

Mandibular canal

A

Radiolucent horizontal band outlined with a thin line of cortical bone

Inferior alveolar nerve and arteries pass inside the canal. Stretches from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen

50
Q

Cephalometric projection

A

shows the lateral view of the skull

-Helps in evaluating trauma and facial growth

51
Q

Lateral jaw exposure

A

Evaluates the posterior portion of the mandible or lateral areas that are too large to capture for periapical receptors

-Helps in evaluating growth and development, diseases, and trauma

52
Q

Posteroanterior projection

A

shows the frontal and ethmoid sinuses, orbits, and nasal cavities

53
Q

Water’s projection

A

provides images of the maxillary sinus

54
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

used for images of the soft tissue, TMJ, etc.

NOTE: If the image shows soft structures (not bone), an MRI was used

55
Q

CT, CAT scan

A

computer tomography (CT), also called computed axial tomography (CAT) scan, produces a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional structure

-Helpful for implant planning, soft tissue lesions, and salivary glands inspections

56
Q

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)

A

produces a three-dimensional image of a structure

57
Q

What is a CBCT useful for?

A

Inplant planning, TMJ issues, and soft tissue lesions

Provides information for the articular joints and soft tissue when detecting issues with TMJ

58
Q

How does a CBCT operate? (ie. pano/3d machine)

A

The arm rotates around the patient’s head in 360°

During this process, 200-600 two-dimensional images are formed which are combined to produce a 3D image

59
Q

Which scan requires lower doses of radiation between CT exposures and CBCT scans?

A

CBCT; comparable to 3-4 full-mouth series radiographs

60
Q

Sialography

A

detects salivary stones and other blockages

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