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cumulative > Anatomy of the Integumentary System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does hirsute skin mean

A

hairy skin (covers most of the body)

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2
Q

what does glaborous skin mean

A

hairless skin (palm, sole, flexor aspects)

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3
Q

Histology of skin (superficial to deep)

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis/panniculus

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4
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum:
- corneum
- lucidum
- granulosum
- spinosum
- basale

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5
Q

Cells making up the epidermis

A
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6
Q

Other term for stratum basale

A

stratum germinativum (because it is the source of all epidermal cells)

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7
Q

How long is the typical cycle of cells from basale to corneum?

A

25-45 days

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8
Q

How many rows is stratum basale?

A

single row of stem cells

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9
Q

how many rows is stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 layers of spiny cells and weblike system of prekeratin filaments

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10
Q

what is abundant in the stratum spinosum

A

melanin granules and dendritic cells

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11
Q

Where do merkel cells hang out

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

where do langerhans cells hang out

A

stratum spinosum

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13
Q

how many layers is stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers of flat cells rich in lipids and filaggrin (water sealant)

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14
Q

How many rows are in the stratum lucidum?

A

a few rows of flat dead keratinocytes (palms and soles)

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15
Q

How many rows is stratum corneum?

A

20-30 rows of dead flat keratinized membranous sacs (dust)

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16
Q

Intercellular matrix is composed of

A
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17
Q

How many types of corpuscles are in the epidermis?

A

one, the merkel cell

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18
Q

What are the proteins in the epidermis?

A

keratine and fillagrin

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhan cells

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20
Q

What are the corpuscles of the dermis?

A

pacinian, meissner, and free nerve endings

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21
Q

What does the pacinian corpuscle sense?

A

pressure/vibrationwh

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22
Q

What does the Meissner corpuscle sense?

A

light touch

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23
Q

What does the Merkel’s corpuscle sense?

A

touch

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24
Q

What does the free nerve ending sense?

A

heat

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25
Q

What happens in bullous pemphigoid

A

autoantibodies form against antigens beneath the basale layer of the epidermis at the dermoepidermal junction

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26
Q

What happens in pemphigus vulgaris

A

autoantibodies form against antigens in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis leading to decreased adhesion of the cells and skin breakage

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27
Q

What happens in psoriasis

A

the rate of epidermal turnover is increased, not enough time for differentiation/maturation of cells

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28
Q

What happens in atopic dermatitis

A

mutations in filaggrin in the epidermis

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29
Q

melanocytic nevi is defined as

A

a benign collection of melanocytes

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30
Q

Basal cell carcinoma is composed of

A

cells that resemble the basal layer keratinocytes

31
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular

32
Q

What does the papillary layer of the dermis do

A

-anchorage and metabolic support
-forms papillae that bulge into epidermis creating finger prints

33
Q

what does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of

A

-collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
-capillary loops
-corpuscles (not merkel’s)

34
Q

Which layer makes up 80% of the dermis

A

reticular layer

35
Q

what is the reticular layer of the dermis made up of

A

thick collagen fibers: strength, resiliency
elastic fibers: stretch/recoil
glandular stuff

36
Q

What are the cells of the dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, sometimes mast cells and WBCs

37
Q

What do fibroblasts do

A
  • make most of extracellular matrix of connective tissue
  • wound repair
  • influenced by steroid hormones, diet, stress, vit C
38
Q

What are keloids formed by

A

hyperactive fibroblasts leading to excessive collagen production

39
Q

What are hypertrophied scars formed by

A

hyperactive fibroblasts, but more regulated than in keloids

40
Q

What do mast cells do

A
  • defense (especially around blood vessels)
  • excrete vesicles containing histamine
  • inflammation
  • result in localized response like urticaria or generalized like anaphylactic shock
41
Q

What do cleavage lines result from

A

collagen fibers arranged in bundles forming tension/cleavage lines

42
Q

3 pigments of skin color

A

Melanin: yellow, reddish, brown, black
Carotene: yellow, orange
Hemoglobin: pinkish

43
Q

What is the hypodermis made up of?

A

loose connective tissue, mostly aerolar/adipose

44
Q

What is the hypodermis responsible for?

A
  • shock absorption
  • thermal insulation
  • metabolic energy
    -production of Vit C and conversion of hormones
45
Q

What is a lipoma

A

benign tumor of fat

46
Q

What happens in erythema nodosum

A

inflammation of hypodermis

47
Q

What are the appendages of the skin

A
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • hairs and follicles
  • nails
48
Q

What are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands

A
  • eccrine: palms, soles, forehead
  • apocrine: axilla, perianal, areolae, periumbilical
49
Q

What are the 2 types of specialized apocrine glands

A

ceruminous glands (earwax) and mammary glands (breast milk)

50
Q

What is the function of hair

A

alerting to bugs, guarding scalp from trauma, heat loss, sun

51
Q

anatomy of hair

A
52
Q

What is damaged/removed for hair to stop growing

A

dermal papilla

53
Q

What is responsible for goosebumps

A

arrector pili (smooth muscle attached to hair follicle)

54
Q

What are the 4 phases of hair growth

A

anagen/growng

catagen/involuting

telogen/resting

exogen/shedding

55
Q

What does acne vulgaris result from

A

plugging of hair follicle as a result of abnormal keratinization

56
Q

Structure of a nail

A
57
Q

Functions of the skin

A

protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion, social communication

58
Q

Rubor =

A

red

59
Q

Calor =

A

hot

60
Q

Tumor =

A

swelling

61
Q

Dolor =

A

pain

62
Q

What is inflammation

A

a protective response intended to eliminate cause of cell injury (acute or chronic)

63
Q

4 steps of inflammation

A

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular permeability, neutrophil margination

64
Q

What happens in margination

A
65
Q

What happens in diapedesis

A
66
Q

what are the 4 outcomes of inflammation

A
  • healing
  • scarring
  • abscess formation
  • chronic inflammation
67
Q

what is the primary cell involved in acute inflammation

A

neutorphils

68
Q

what is the primary cell involved in chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes

69
Q

5 Rs of inflammation

A
  • Recognition of agent
  • Recruitment of leukocytes
  • Removal of agent
  • Regulation of response
  • Resolution
70
Q

Do permanent cells regenerate/replicate?

A

no (neurons/cardiac muscle)

71
Q

Labile cells

A
  • epi cells, stem cells
  • regenerate thru life
72
Q

stable cells

A
  • hepatocytes, endothelium
  • low level replication thru life
73
Q

Primary union healing

A
  • clean wounds
  • surgical incision
74
Q

Secondary union healing

A
  • large tissue injuries
  • larger scars

cumulative (162 decks)

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