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Physiology > Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Increases H+ secretion and stimulates gastric mucosal growth?

A

Gastrin

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2
Q

Increases both exocrine and endocrine secretion of pancreas?

A

CCK

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3
Q

Increases HCO3 secretion?

A

Secretin

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4
Q

Increased insulin secretion and decreases H+ secretion?

A

GIP

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5
Q

Inhibits all GI hormones .

A

Somatostatin

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6
Q

Stimulate gastrin release?

A

Bombesin

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7
Q

Satiety center?

A

Ventromedial nucleus of Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Feeding Center?

A

Lateral Hypothalamic Area

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9
Q

Vagovagal Reflex initiated by distention of the stomach and is abolished by vagotomy?

A

Receptive Relaxation

The orad region of the stomach relaxes to accommodate the ingested meal.
CCk participates in receptive relaxation by increasing the distensibility of the orad stomach.

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10
Q

GI secretion high in HCO3 and is hypotonic?

A

Saliva

Saliva becomes hypotonic in the ducts because the ducts are relatively impermeable to water. Because more solute than water is reabsorbed by the ducts , the saliva becomes dilute relative to plasma.

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11
Q

GI secretion high in HCO3 and is isotonic?

A

Pancreatic secretion

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12
Q

Hormone responsible for increased reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ in salivary ductal cells?

A

Aldosterone

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13
Q

GI secretion high in HCO3 and is isotonic ?

A

Pancreatic secretion

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14
Q

Hormone responsible for increased reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ in salivary ductal cells?

A

Aldosterone

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15
Q

Autonomic innervation causing increase in saliva production?

A

Saliva production is unique in that it is increased by both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity .

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16
Q

Drug that directly inhibits H+K+ ATPase pump?

A

Omeprazole (PPI)

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17
Q

Drug that blocks H+ secretion by inhibiting cholinergic muscarinic receptors on parietal cells?

A

Atropine

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18
Q

Released from neurons in the GI tract and produces smooth muscle relaxation?

A

VIP

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19
Q

Site of intrinsic factor secretion?

A

Gastric fundus

Intrinsic Factor is absorbed in the ileum with B12

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20
Q

Mechanism of diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae?

A

Increase Cl- secretory channels in crypt cells.

Cholera toxin activates adenylate cyclase, increasing CAMP , activating Cl- secretory channels.

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21
Q

Similarity of CCK and Gastrin?

A

Both have 5 identical C-terminal amino acids

Because CCK heptapeptide contains 5 common amino acids, it is logical that CCK should have some gastrin-like properties.

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22
Q

Transport process used by amino acids?

A

Na+ dependent co-transport

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23
Q

49/M with severe Crohns disease, S/P Ileal resection, now complains of steatorrhea. Reason for steatorrhea?

A

Micelles do not form in the intestinal lumen, impaired fat absorption.

With Ileal resection, most of the bile acids are excreted in the feces and in the liver pool is significantly diminished. Bile acids are needed for micelles formation to stabilize the products of lipid digestion.

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24
Q

CCK inhibits which gastric function?

A

Gastric emptying

CCK helps to slow the delivery of food from the stomach to the intestine during periods of high digestive activity.

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25
Q

Abolishes receptive relaxation of the stomach?

A

Vagotomy

Receptive Relaxation (VAGOvagal Reflex) of the orad stomach is initiated when food enters the stomach from esophagus.

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26
Q

Secretion of this hormone is inhibited by low pH?

A

Gastrin

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27
Q

Site of gastrin secretion?

A

Gastric Antrum

HCl and Intrinsic Factor is secreted in the Fundus.

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28
Q

Which vitamin /s requires micelle formation?

A

Vitamin A , D, E, K (Fat Soluble)

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29
Q

Internal anal sphincter action during defecation

A

Relaxed

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30
Q

Tonicity of the Saliva?

A

Hypotonic relative to plasma

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31
Q

Secreted in response to an oral glucose load?

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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32
Q

Effect of CCK on pancreatic enzyme enzyme secretion?

A

Pancreatic enzyme secretion is increased by CCK (Cholecystokinin)

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33
Q

Must be further digested before it can be absorbed by specific carriers in intestinal cells?
a. Fructose
b. Sucrose
c. Dipeptides

A

Sucrose

Only monosaccharide can be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells.
Disaccharides such as sucrose , must be digested to monosaccharide before they are absorbed.

34
Q

Resting Membrane Potential of Small Intestinal slow waves?

A

Oscillating membrane potentials.

The slow waves bring the membrane potential toward threshold , but are not themselves action potentials.

35
Q

How does peristalsis of the small intestine occur?

A

Involves contraction of circular smooth muscle behind the food bolus and relaxation of circular smooth muscle in front of the bolus.

36
Q

38/M with a duodenal ulcer is treated with cimetidine. MOA of drug?

A

Blocks H2 receptors on parietal cells

cAMP , the second messenger for histamine , would decrease.

37
Q

Parietal cells secrete ? (2)

A

Intrinsic Factor & HCl

38
Q

44/F with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Can manifest similarly to what disease/ illness?

A

Peptic ulcer disease

ZES or Gastrinoma is one of the tumors of the pancreas.
This tumor secretes gastrin which then increases H+ secretion and contributes to formation of peptic ulcers.

39
Q

Site of Na+ Bile acid co-transport?

A

Ileum

40
Q

Secreted in the mouth , but acts in the stomach?

A

Lingual lipase (acid-stable)

41
Q

Errors in embryogenesis that will result to chronic pancreatitis / abdominal pain but mostly asymptomatic?

A

Pancreas divisum

42
Q

Percentage of calories expended by Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

60-70% of calories

43
Q

Mechanism of V. Cholerae causes diarrhea?

A

Increases Cl- secretory channels in crypt cells

44
Q

Not a neurotransmitter of GI system ?

A

CCK

  • serotonin and dopamine are possible NTs
45
Q

Repeated involuntary passing of stool into clothing by children

A

Encopresis

46
Q

MOA of prostaglandins inhibiting gastric HCl secretion?

A

Inhibition of release of gastrin and histamine

47
Q

Characteristic of Gastric HCl? (3)

A
  1. pH of 0.8
  2. Secreted at rate of 160 mmol/L
  3. Hydrogen concentration 3 million x higher than arterial blood
48
Q

Biologic activity of Gastrin and CCK resides in?

A

C-terminal tetrapeptide amide sequence

49
Q

Carbohydrate absorption begins in the ?

A

Small intetsines

-Carbohydrate DIGESTION begins in the mouth because of ptyalin

50
Q

Converts primary bile acids to secondary bile acids in the intestines?

A

Bacteria

51
Q

Gastrin acts on these cells?

A

Parietal cells on the Oxyntic glands found on the body and fundus of the stomach.

52
Q

Secreted by pancreatic alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

53
Q

Insulin stimulates / targets the following organs for glucose uptake? (3)

A
  1. Liver (hepatic)
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Adipose (not brain)
54
Q

Stages of swallowing? (3)

A
  1. Oral Phase
  2. Pharyngeal Phase
  3. Esophageal Phase
55
Q

Mechanism of Achalasia?

A
  1. Progressive degeneration of ganglionic cells in the myenteric plexus of esophagus
  2. LES does not relax during swallowing
  3. Loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus
56
Q

Amino acids that triggers Gastrin Secretion ?

A
  1. Phenylalanine (F)
  2. Tryptophan (W)
  3. Methionine (M)

MWF

57
Q

Stomach action for mixing food ?

A

Peristalsis

58
Q

Food that enters the small intestines?

A

Chyme - partially digested food due to stomach action

59
Q

Stimulates parietal cells in oxyntic glands in the body and fundus of stomach for HCl secretion , growth of gastric mucosa.

A

Gastrin

60
Q

Protects gastric mucosa from HCl?

A

Prostaglandins

61
Q

Synonymous with enterochromaffin cells ?

A

Kultchitsky cells (Secrete serotonin)

62
Q

Location of GI kulchitsky cells? (3)

A
  1. Small intestines
  2. Colon
  3. Appendix
63
Q

Patient with Zollinger -Ellison Syndrome (ZES) would likely present with?

A

Severe PUD

64
Q

Ranitidine inhibits?

A

H-2 receptors

65
Q

Bleeding in the subcutaneous area can cause death if it is in the ?

A

Liver

66
Q

Small intestinal contraction fasting ?

A

Peristaltic contraction

67
Q

Normal daily K intake? (4)

A

3,400mg adult males
2,600 mg adult females
2,900mg pregnant women
2,800mg lactating women

68
Q

Contains skeletal muscles instead of smooth muscles?

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. upper 1/3 esophagus
  3. External anal sphincter
69
Q

Relaxes LES, PS, ICV, Orad, Stomach , Bronchial smooth muscles?

A

VIP ( Vasointestinal Peptide)

70
Q

Also called the second brain , since it utilizes neurons and neurotransmitters similar to the CNS?

A

Enteric Nervous System
- local innervation/ intrinsic innervation of the GIT

71
Q

Contracts muscularis mucosa?

A

Meissner Plexus (Submucosal Plexus)

72
Q

Sight, Smell ,Thought of food causes HCl secretion?

A

Cephalic Phase

73
Q

Contracts muscularis mucosa?

A

Meissner Plexus ( Submucosal Plexus)

74
Q

Where is iron absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

75
Q

Protein -energy malnutrition with (+) edema: __________

A

Kwashiorkor

76
Q

BMI of obese persons?

A

> 30

77
Q

Inactivated at gastric pH >5.0 ?

A

Pepsin

78
Q

Allows the absorption of nutrients across the small intestinal epithelial brush borders by secondary active transport with sodium?

A

Fatty acids

79
Q

Intrinsic Factor is secreted in this part of the stomach?

A

Gastric fundus

Location of Chief cells that produces HCl & IF

80
Q

Gastrinoma associated with peptic ulcer disease?

A

Zolinger Ellison Syndrome

81
Q

May spark hypertensive crisis?

A

MAOI and Tyramine rich foods

82
Q

Has the greatest percentage of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Beta cells ( produces insulin)

Physiology (9 decks)

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