Political Change

Question 1

When + what shows Napoleon wasn’t universally accepted (4+)

Answer 1

24 December 1800
On his way to a Gala performance a wagon full of gunpowder was set of as his carriage passed
52 killed/wounded
Several buildings destroyed

Question 2

What was the plebiscite of 1800 for + what did it mean (2)

Answer 2

Ratification of constitution of year viii
Opportunity to show apparent concern for democratic processes

Question 3

What was the voter turn out

Answer 3

25% = 1.5 million

Question 4

What did lucien (napoleons brother) do (2)

Answer 4

Adjusted the statistics of pleb
Suggested 46.24% of the electorate had participated + they supported Napoleon

Question 5

Lucines adjusted statics (2)

Answer 5

99.94% of electorate voted yes
Equivalent to just over 3 million

Question 6

How did Napoleon behave like a monarch (4)

Answer 6

Moved to Tuileries palace
Coins minted with his effigy = wearing a laurel wreath = Roman symbol of complete authority
Selected members of the council of state = former kings did this
Enjoyed ceremonies and ‘state banquets’

Question 7

What did the establishment of prefects do (2++)

Answer 7

Strengthened central control within existing framework
NB could claim he responded to people and countries needs = supplying strong and effective gov

Question 8

What was repression by NB (2)

Answer 8

Way of consolidating power
Involved repression of existing opponents + critics

Question 9

Jacobins - repression (2)

Answer 9

Spies used to infiltrate potential jacobin groups
1801 = 129 jacobin leaders arrested and deported

Question 10

Jacobins plot/ conspiracies (2+)

Answer 10

Dagger conspiracy = failed plan to assassinate NB in October 1800
Wrongly accused of bomb plot in ‘infernal machine’ in December 1800 = acc royalists

Question 11

What + when - NB response to Comte de provenance in letter (3)

Answer 11

September 1800
Made his position clear
‘You should not hope to return to france’

Question 12

Royalist - repression (3++)

Answer 12

Used military tribunals to deal with rebel leaders
In Brittany = 6000 Chouan prisoners taken + 750 shot in 1800
Used police + prefects = report incidences and firmly address them

Question 13

Royalist disturbances when + what (2)

Answer 13

Various in capital between 1800-1804
At least 2 assassination attempts against Napoleon

Question 14

Spy network wiring implication (3+)

Answer 14

Reported that bourbon prince - duc d’Enghien was in touch with emigres + royalists
Plot hatched to kidnap
Shot in a ditch = royalist gave little trouble after this

Question 15

Why were SOME liberals not supportive of NB

Answer 15

Saw an emerging dictatorship and wanted a constitution that confirmed freedom of speech and press

Question 16

Who were specific liberals against NB (3)

Answer 16

Madame de Staël = respected writer
Benjamin constant = her lover
They had a salon which irritated NB

Question 17

What did NB do to liberals + when (2(

Answer 17

1803
Ordered both be banished to a distance of 64km from Paris

Question 18

What was decreed by consul of republic (3+)

Answer 18

17 January 1800
Minister of police (MoP) will allow publication of 13 newspapers devoted to science, literature, art etc
Newspapers which attack military glory, social order, gov = suppressed immediately

Question 19

Who was the method of repression used on (3)

Answer 19

Jacobins
Liberals
Royalists

Question 20

What was the method of reconciliation

Answer 20

Win over potential opponents

Question 21

Example of reconciliation (3+)

Answer 21

Offered amnesty to rebels in west who were to lay down weapons + show support
Promised to protect the catholic religion
Rewards and posts offered to emigres + refractory priests

Question 22

How did he keep support of bourgeoisie (3++)

Answer 22

Reassure purchasers of church land (majority being bourgeoisie)
Changes to vote = more political influence
Encouraged by pronouncements that there would be no atatempt to restore emigres or church land

Question 23

What 2 policies did Napoleon speak of and what (2)

Answer 23

Amalgame = end social divisions of ancien regime
Ralliement = rally all around the new regime

Question 24

What did military success allow (2++)

Answer 24

Success at piedmont in 1800 = propagandist exultation of NB military heroism
1802 = peace of Amiens with British = popular with bourgeoisie who wanted trade

Question 25

What was consul for life (2)

Answer 25

1802 the senate offered position to Napoleon
Gave him right to name an heir

Question 26

What was constitution of year X (2)

Answer 26

Gesture of national gratitude to NB
Issued in the interest of stability, confidence and deterring enemies

Question 27

What was the constitution X accompanied by and what (3++)

Answer 27

Another plebiscite
50.55% (it’s said) voted
99.76% voted yes = just over 3.5 million

Question 28

Establishment of emperor status - what (3+)

Answer 28

1804 in response to the ‘pressure of public opinion’
Wanted to found a dynasty = emperor of French
Hereditary succession for the house of bonaparte

Question 29

Plebiscite of NB becoming emperor (2)

Answer 29

47.2% turnout
99.93 yes = 3.5million

Question 30

Why didn’t he want to be known as king

Answer 30

Pre revolutionary associations

Question 31

How was he ‘crowned’ emperor + when (4+)

Answer 31

2 December 1804
Norte dame cathedral
NB paid for Pope pius VII to travel to France and attend
Placed the crown on his own head - reduced to have pope do it

Question 32

What steps did NB take to subvert new constitutions (2+)

Answer 32

Block the wishes of tribunate and leg body = senatus consultum
As senate membership increased = filled with his supporters = gave them substantial salaries and land

Question 33

What did NB do when faced with critism + when - purge (4)

Answer 33

January - march 1802
Purged the senate
20 removed tribute
60 removed from leg body

Question 34

How did he change voting qualifications (2+)

Answer 34

In constitution of year X
Gave more political power to well of notables whose the regime relied on

Question 35

How did Napoleon consolidate power (4)

Answer 35

Pleb 1800
Repression
Reconciliation
Consul for life