Infection And Response Paper 1

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism that causes disease

Question 2

What do WBCs do?

Answer 2

Engulf + digest pathogens, produce antibodies and antitoxins

Question 3

What is a hybridoma cell?

Answer 3

A tumour fused with a lymphocyte

Question 4

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 4

Mouse injected with antigen
Mouse produces lymphocytes which are collected.
Lymphocyte is then fused with tumor cells to form hybridoma cells which clone rapidly
These hybridoma are then isolated in pedri dish to clone rapidly producing monoclonal antibodies that are then collected and purified

Question 5

How is HIV spread?

Answer 5

Through sexual intercourse with the exchange of bodily fluids OR
injected by contaminated syringe

Question 6

What does a vaccine do?

Answer 6

Allows immune system to produce antibodies against weakened/dead pathogen so memory cells can rapidly produce antibodies the next time the person is exposed to pathogen

Question 7

What is a vaccine?

Answer 7

A weakened/dead pathogen injected into a person’s body

Question 8

What is herd immunity?

Answer 8

When over 90% of the population is immune to the disease so spread of the pathogen is slowed

Question 9

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?

Answer 9

• Pregnancy tests
• Drug use testing
• Cancer treatment
• Fluorescent dye

Question 10

What are antigens?

Answer 10

Proteins on the outside of a pathogen

Question 11

What do antibodies bind to?

Answer 11

Antigens

Question 12

Antibodies are ___________ to a ___________ antigen

Answer 12

Complimentary, specific

Question 13

How do antitoxins work?

Answer 13

By neutralising the toxins of bacteria

Question 14

What are defence systems that the human body has? (Structure + function)

Answer 14

• Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens
• Mucus in the throat and nose trap pathogens in particles
• Skin is a physical barrier
• Cilla wafts mucus up to the throat where it can be swallowed

Question 15

What is phagocytosis? WBCs

Answer 15

The process of phagocytes engulfing and digesting pathogens

Question 16

How do antibodies work?

Answer 16

They bind to specific antigens complimentary to them and they allow phagocytes to locate and engulf the pathogens

Question 17

What can antibiotics be used against?

Answer 17

Bacteria

Question 18

Why is it important to take all prescribed antibiotics?

Answer 18

This is because bacteria can become antibiotic resistant

Question 19

How does a virus attack the immune system?

Answer 19

By living inside host cells and multiplying

Question 20

What is a placebo?

Answer 20

A fake drug used in clinical testing

Question 21

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 21

Where both the doctors and patients do not know what group is taking the real drug and placebo

Question 22

What are the 3 things to check in a drug test?

Answer 22

Dosage, efficacy, concentration

Question 23

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 23

The white blood cells involved in the specific immune response. This includes B-lymphocytes which produce antibodies and memory cells which remember how to produce antibodies.

Question 24

What physical defence do plants have

Answer 24

Waxy cuticle, cell walls, layers of dead cells (E.g bark)

Question 25

What chemical defences do plants have

Answer 25

Some produce antibacterial chemicals, produce poisons

Question 26

What mechanical defences do plants have

Answer 26

Thorns and hairs, plants have droop of curl when someone touches them

Question 27

Why do plants have waxy cuticles

Answer 27

Provide a barrier to stop pathogens from entering

Question 28

Why do plants have layers of dead cells

Answer 28

Act as a barrier and stop pathogens from entering

Question 29

What do antibacterial chemicals do

Answer 29

Kill bacteria

Question 30

What do thorns and hairs do

Answer 30

Stop animals from touching and eating them

Question 31

What does plants being able to droop and curl do

Answer 31

Prevents themselves from being eaten by knocking insects off