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PA practice > Medical Ethics > Flashcards

Medical Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What are a set of moral standards and code for behavior?

A

medical ethics

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2
Q

What is what people perceive to be right or good?

A

morality

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3
Q

What guides individual interactions with others and society?

A

code for behavior

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4
Q

What are the principles of biomedical ethics?

A
  1. autonomy
  2. beneficence
  3. nonmaleficence
  4. justice
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5
Q

What is used to inform, guide, and shade behaviors/decisions?

A

principles of biomedical ethics

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6
Q

Describe autonomy?

A
  • patients make their own decisions
  • must be voluntary and informed
  • must be competent
  • treat with dignity and respect
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7
Q

What are the responsibilities associated with autonomy?

A
  • patient confidentiality
  • honest communication
  • informed consent/refusal of treatment
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8
Q

What includes providing adequate information that is comprehendible to a competent patient or patient surrogate such as mutual participation, respect, and shared decision making?

A

informed consent

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9
Q

What is the ultimate goal of informed consent?

A

patient understanding, not just agreement with the recommended treatment and not just a signature

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10
Q

What should be conversational, not authoritative?

A

informed consent

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11
Q

What are the components of informed consent?

A
  1. diagnosis/recommendation for treatment
  2. nature of recommended procedure/treatment
  3. risks and benefits
  4. alternatives to recommended procedure
  5. identity, credentials and experience of those performing the procedure
  6. cost of procedure
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12
Q

What must be signed, dated, and time-stamped?

A

informed consent

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13
Q

What are the requirements of informed consent?

A
  1. understand relevant information
  2. appreciate medical condition and consequences
  3. communicate a choice
  4. discuss own values in relation to provider’s recommendation
  5. provider’s judgment
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14
Q

What is the ability to understand the nature and consequences of the procedure or treatment that the patient is being asked to undergo?

A

competency

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15
Q

What is the practice of overriding or ignoring preferences of patients in order to benefit them or enhance their welfare?

A

paternalism

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16
Q

What “trumps” autonomy due to it being the best interest of the patient?

A

Beneficence

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17
Q

What is the promotion of the well-being of others and is the guiding purpose in healthcare (here to help others get better)?

A

beneficence

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18
Q

What are the moral rules of beneficence?

A
  • protect and defend the rights of others
  • prevent harm from occurring to others
  • remove conditions that will cause harm to others
  • help persons with disabilities
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19
Q

What is non deliberately causing harm to others, “do no harm”?

A

nonmaleficence

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20
Q

What are the moral rules associated with nonmaleficence?

A
  • do not kill
  • do not cause pain or suffering
  • do not incapacitate
  • do not cause offense
  • do not deprive others of the goods of life
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21
Q

What is taking sufficient and appropriate care to avoid causing harm to a patient given what the circumstances would demand of a reasonable and prudent health professional?

A

due care

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22
Q

What is the absence of due care, intentionally causing harm, or unintentionally, but carelessly imposing risk of harm?

A

negligence

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23
Q

What is the rule of double effect?

A

distinction between intended effects and merely foreseen effects
-single act: 1 good effect and 1 bad effect

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24
Q

What are the conditions that must be met for the rule of double effect?

A
  1. nature of the act must be good
  2. the agent’s intention must be only the good effect
  3. the distinction between means and effects (bad effect must not be a means to the good effect)
  4. proportionality between the good and bad effect (good must outweigh the bad)
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25
Q

What is associated with the fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens and treating others equally?

A

justice

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26
Q

What are the four components to ethical decision making?

A
  1. agent
  2. choices
  3. consequences
  4. context
27
Q

In ethical decision making, who is the one that will be making the decision and is based on our character (personal characteristics, beliefs, values)?

A

agent

28
Q

In ethical decision making, what is associated with the morals that will help direct the decision, right vs wrong, and telling the truth vs deliberately hurting people?

A

choices

29
Q

In ethical decision making, what is the result/outcome of the decision, good or bad?

A

consequences

30
Q

In ethical decision making, what is the setting that influences the decisions made?

A

context

31
Q

What are the 3 broad types of ethical theories?

A
  1. consequential theories
  2. non-consequentialist theories
  3. agent-centered theories
32
Q

What theory is concerned with ethical consequences of a particular action?

A

consequential theory

33
Q

What theory focuses on the person making ethical decisions about particular actions?

A

non-consequentialist theories

34
Q

What theory is concerned with overall ethical status of agents (individuals) and less concerned with morality of particular actions?

A

agent-centered theories

35
Q

The virtue theory is associated with?

A

agent-centered theories

36
Q

What focuses on the moral character of the agent and teach/develop certain skills and will make good decisions?

A

virtue theory

37
Q

What is a stable character trait developed by practice over time?

A

virtues

38
Q

What helps one to act well?

A

virtue

39
Q

What is immoral behavior?

A

vice

40
Q

What are the different virtues in the virtue theory?

A
  • integrity
  • respect
  • courage
  • humility
  • empathy
  • justice
41
Q

What allows a person to be true to self when values are challenged?

A

integrity

42
Q

What is the tendency to regard another as having some worth and consequently, the desire to treat them with civility?

A

respect

43
Q

What are the 2 levels of respect?

A
  1. respect because they are fellow human beings (inherent and fundamental)
  2. respect due to status or position in a hierarchy (over and beyond the general respect we owe others)
44
Q

What describes making difficult choices despite negative consequences and includes standing up for yourself and/or for the good of your patients?

A

courage

45
Q

What describes recognizing one’s limitations and that there is always something to learn whether is it from patients or other healthcare team members?

A

humility

46
Q

What describes understanding another person’s point of view, is driven by compassion, and occurs when we listen and communicate effectively to patients and healthcare team members and develops a trusting relationship with patients?

A

empathy

47
Q

What describes the quality of being just, impartial, fair, and practicing non-discriminately?

A

justice

48
Q

What are the four topics of ethical decision making?

A
  1. medical indications
  2. patient preferences
  3. quality of life
  4. contextual features
49
Q

What is associated with the diagnostic and therapeutic intervention being used to evaluate and treat the medical problem and includes beneficence and nonmaleficence?

A

medical indications

50
Q

What is associated with expressed choices of the patient about their treatment and you gave to provide respect for autonomy?

A

patient preferences

51
Q

What is included in the ethical decision making topic quality of life?

A
  • beneficence, nonmaleficence and respect for autonomy
  • features of the patient’s life prior to and following treatment
52
Q

What is included in the ethical decision making topic “context”?

A
  • principles of justice and fairness
  • conflict of interest
  • identifies familial, social, institutional, financial, and legal settings where the case takes place
53
Q

What are everyday ethical issues?

A
  • trust
  • patient-provider relationship
  • patient confidentiality
  • sexual relationships
  • difficult patients
54
Q

What is the foundation of the PA-patient relationship?

A

trust

55
Q

What involves applying one’s knowledge to assist the patient in healing?

A

trust

56
Q

What includes assured reliance on the character, ability, strength or truth of someone or something, includes empathy and respect, and listening to what patients are telling you?

A

trust

57
Q

What are ways you can gain patient’s trust?

A
  • addressing pts by name/title
  • eye contact
  • pleasant tone of voice
  • smile
  • humor
  • listen attentively
  • avoid showing frustration
  • respect
  • keep agreements with the patient
  • provide competent health care
58
Q

How can you apply trust in medicine?

A
  • obtain detailed medical history
  • pt more comfortable/cooperative with physical exam
  • compliance = better outcomes
59
Q

If patients are confident their privacy is protected, they are more likely to what?

A

discuss their problems

60
Q

What is strictly prohibited with patients?

A

sexual relationships

61
Q

Usually, the problem with “difficult patients” is what?

A

the patient-provider relationship

62
Q

“difficult patients” are exacerbated by what?

A
  • chronic medical issues
  • social factors
63
Q

What is key with developing a trusting relationship?

A

truth

PA practice (7 decks)

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