Exam 2

Question 1

Functions of the lymphatic system include

Answer 1

Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells

Return excess fluid to bloodstream

Maintain normal blood volume

Transport hormones, nutrients, and wastes.

Eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid

Transports lipids from the digestive tract

Question 2

Does lymph rely on a pressure gradient to return to the heart?

Answer 2

yes, goes from high to low pressure.

Question 3

Lymphatic vessels carry what

Answer 3

Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins in a
one way direction, no loop like blood. We are just taking excess fluid and putting it in the heart.

Question 4

Primary lymphoid tissues/organs are concerned with

Answer 4

forming and maturing lymphocytes

Question 5

Secondary lymphocytes are concerned with

Answer 5

where lymphocytes are activated

Question 6

Why is the structure of lymphatic capillaries significant?

Answer 6

Because it allows for it to take in a lot of fluid to carry back to the heart.

Question 7

What is problematic about the structure of the lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 7

They have no permeability, no basement membrane, and thinner walls.

Lack of selectivity can cause pathogens to get to the heart.

Question 8

With lymphatic capillaries, there are shingles present. What is the physiology of these shingles?

Answer 8

High pressure causes fluid to open endothelial cell and let fluid in if the pressure Is coming from outside. Pressure build up inside endothelium will push the shingles of endothelium on to other endothelium cells.

Characteristic of the closed end nature of the capillary.

Question 9

Right lymphatic duct concerns

Answer 9

1/4 of lymph to the top right portion of the body.
Right side above abdominal and right face.

Question 10

Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) concerns

Answer 10

collects blood from 3/4 of the body

Question 11

Lymphocytes make up what percent of leukocytes

Answer 11

20-40%

Question 12

Lymphocytes are mainly ____

Answer 12

stored, not circulating

Question 13

T cells are reliant on the

Answer 13

thymus

Question 14

B cells are reliant on

Answer 14

bone marrow

Question 15

NK cells

Answer 15

Natural killer cells
Can fight against more than one pathogen- they have a very similar development story to T and B cells and that’s why they’re considered lymphocytes.

Question 16

lymphocytes are dominated by what kind of tissue?

Answer 16

connective tissue

Question 17

Lymphoid nodules are made up of

Answer 17

areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes.

Question 18

Lymphoid nodules are distributed in

Answer 18

nasal/oral cavity & pharynx and tonsils

Question 19

Tissues(think intestines)

Answer 19

Small intestines - Peyer’s patches
Large intestine - Appendix

Question 20

What lymphoid tissues deal with food that could carry pathogens?

Answer 20

MALT(Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues)

Question 21

Germinal center helps with

Answer 21

dividing lymphocytes to battle incoming pathogens

Question 22

Are there more afferent vessels than efferent vessels?

Answer 22

Yes, because many afferent vessels are bringing in unclean lymph from all parts of the body to clean them of pathogens and only need a single efferent vessel to carry the clean lymph.

Question 23

Pathway of lymph circulation in lymphatic capillaries:

Answer 23

Afferent Lymphatics > Subscapsular space (transports fluid) > Cortex (B cells) > Paracortex (T cells) > Medulla (Macrophages, B cells) > Efferent lymphatics

Question 24

What is the significance of the structure of lymphatic organs when compared to the structure of lymphatic tissues?

Answer 24

Lymphatic organs have a fibrous capsule with the geminal center and such and lymphatic tissues don’t.

Question 25

Function of lymph nodes

Answer 25

purify lymph before return to venous circulation

Remove 99 percent of antigens

Question 26

Antigens released due to infection

Answer 26

Enter lymph and stimulate macrophages and lymphocytes in lymph nodes
Are also carried by dendritic cells to lymph nodes

Question 27

Lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes

Answer 27

Monitor peripheral infections
Respond before infections reach vial organs.

Question 28

Organs have capsules (structure)- first space you get to is the

Answer 28

the subcapular space.

Question 29

the thymus is located in the

Answer 29

mediastinum

Question 30

T/F, does the thymus atrophy after puberty?

Answer 30

T

Question 31

Structure of the Thymus

Answer 31

Divided into two thyme lobs
Septa divide lobs into smaller lobules
There will not be any b lymphocytes
Why?: Think about whether or not it’s a primary or secondary structure

Question 32

Function of the Thymus

Answer 32

Learning which antigen they can fight against.
Produces T cells.
Diminishes effectiveness of immune system

Question 33

Functions of the spleen:

Answer 33

Removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis

Storage of iron recycled from red blood cells

Store some of the heme in the spleen.

Initiation of immune response by B and T cells.

Large collection of lymphocytes.

In response to antigens in circulating blood.
Synosoid capillaries-

Largest collection of lymphoid cells in the body- at risk for old RBCs floating around- at risk for infections.

White Pulp: contains lymphocytes
Red Pulp: RBCs/Macrophages

Question 34

The spleen needs a lot of blood because it’s a

Answer 34

vascular organ

Question 35

If the spleen is affected, what will happen to RBCs?

Answer 35

there will be a circulation of old RBCs.

Question 36

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 36

bone marrow, thymus

Question 37

Secondary lymphoid organs:

Answer 37

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, MALT, small and large intestines.

Question 38

The intertwining of veins and arteries with lymphatic capillaries is allows for

Answer 38

Lymphatic capillaries to pick up fluid from the bloodstream, clean it up, and bring it back to the heart for circulation.