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A&P 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What do kidneys produce?

A

urine via removal of metabolic wastes from circulation

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2
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

transport urine toward the urinary bladder

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3
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder (muscular sac)?

A

Temporarily store urine prior to urination.

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4
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Conducts urine to the exterior; in males, it also transports semen.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

To remove most metabolic wastes produced by body’s cells

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6
Q

Urination/micturition

A

contraction of muscular urinary bladder forces urine through urethra and out of body

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7
Q

Three functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes from body fluids.
Elimination: discharge of wastes from body
Homeostatic regulation: of volume and solute concentration of blood.

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8
Q

How does a kidney receive blood?

A

through a renal artery.

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9
Q

Flow of blood to and away from the nephron:

A

Afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

The fibrous capsule

A

covers the surface of the kidney.

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11
Q

The perinephric fat

A

protects the kidney from damage

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12
Q

The renal pyramid helps to

A

with blood filtration and water concentration regulation within your kidneys

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13
Q

Renal nerves help with

A

innervating kidneys and ureters
enter each kidney at hilum
follow branches of renal arteries to individual nephrons

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14
Q

Nephrons are

A

microscopic functional units of kidneys

each consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

each renal tubule empties into collecting system

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15
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and participates in the filtration of blood from the glomerular capillaries.

Bowman’s capsule also has a structural function and creates a urinary space through which filtrate can enter the nephron and pass to the proximal convoluted tubule.

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16
Q

The function of the filtration slits is

A

to allow some exchange of materials, or “leaking”, from within the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus.

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17
Q

The Renal Tubule has two convoluted tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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18
Q

What are the PCT and DCT separated by?

A

the loop of Henle: U-shaped tube + extends partially into medulla

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19
Q

While traveling along the renal tubule, the tubular fluid gradually changes in composition due to

A

substances being reabsorbed or secreted in various segments of nephron.

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20
Q

Function of the Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) helps

A

regulate blood pressure and filtrate formation

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21
Q

What does the JGC consist of?

A

Macula dense
Juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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22
Q

Macula dense contains

A

chemo and baro-receptors

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23
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells contains

A

modified smooth muscle cells

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24
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells provide

A

feedback between cells.

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25
Q

Cortical nephron

A

mainly perform excretory and regulatory functions

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26
Q

The Juxtamedullary nephron helps to do what with urine?

A

concentrate and dilute urine

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27
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

filter waste from your blood so the waste can leave your body through urine

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28
Q

Vasa recta

A

bring nutrients and oxygen to the medullary nephron segments but, more importantly, they also remove the water and
solute that is continuously added to the medullary interstitium by these nephron segments.

Specialized capillaries in the kidney

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29
Q

What is the main difference between cortical juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons (85% of all nephrons) mainly perform excretory and regulatory functions, while juxtamedullary nephrons (15% of nephrons) concentrate and dilute urine.

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30
Q

What is the goal of urine production? How is this achieved?

A

to maintain homeostasis.

By regulating volume and composition of blood + excretion of metabolic wastes.

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31
Q

What are the three main metabolic wastes?

A

Urea: most abundant organic waste.
Creatinine: breakdown of creatine phosphate.
Uric acid: recycling of nitrogenous bases.

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32
Q

Organic wastes are eliminated by being completely

What is this removal accompanied by?

A

dissolved in the bloodstream
water loss

33
Q

Functions of the kidney include:

A

concentrating filtration
reabsorption and retention of sugars and amino acids of valuable materials.

34
Q

What are the basic processes of urine formation

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

35
Q

If blood pressure decreases in the glomerular capillaries

A

Intraglomerular mesangial cells contract; luminal diameter of glomerular capillaries- brings more pressure and increases filtration

36
Q

If blood pressure increases in the glomerular capillaries

A

Smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole contract -> limit blood flow into glomerulus

INCREASE GFR

37
Q

Cortical and Juxta nephron loops are in the cortex, but differ in that:

A

the juxta nephron loop is located in the medulla (makes up 15% of nephrons)

38
Q

What is the importance of the peritubular capillaries?

A

if we take back anything from the filtrate and help filter blood before having it go back into the venue.

39
Q

Food going into the stomach

A

absorption

40
Q

Food already in the body has elements taken out

A

reabsorption

41
Q

What is significant about the fenestrated capillaries?

A

They have tiny openings to allow solutes to pass through.

42
Q

Glomerular Filtration is driven by and involves passage across

A

hydrostatic pressure, filtration membrane

43
Q

GHP

A

draws solutes out of the glomerulus - big pressure because afferent arteriole diameter is greater than the efferent arteriole diameter.

44
Q

CsHP

A

in the capsular space, once filtrate is out the fluid goes back into the glomerulus

45
Q

If GFR goes down

A

the solutes will build up and so will toxins

46
Q

If GFR goes up

A

then we may be taking out what we may need

47
Q

If BP decreases >

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells contract; luminal diameter of capillaries decreases- brings more pressure and increases filtration.

48
Q

If BP increases >

A

smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole contract -> limit blood flow into glomerulus

49
Q

Hormonal regulation is initiated by the

A

kidneys

50
Q

Autonomic regulation is initiated by the

A

sympathetic division of ANS

51
Q

Renin is important in activating

A

inactive things, most notably angiotensin II

52
Q

Angiotensin II

A

constricts arterioles and efferent arterioles
increases aldosterone secretion which increases NA retention which increases h2o retention

53
Q

The homeostasis of GFR is differentiated between the increase/decrease of BP by

A

Decreased BP: Constricts arterioles and efferent arterioles, increased ADH production, increased sympathetic division, aldosterone secretion (maintaining blood volume).

Increased BP: Dilate afferent arterioles and constrict efferent arterioles (increases GHP) this increase in pressure will increase urine leaving and reduce blood pressure/volume (trying to get rid of blood volume)

54
Q

The PCT absorbs how much of the filtrate? Is reabsorption highest here?

A

60-70%

Reabsorption is highest here.

55
Q

The descending limb of the nephron loop is freely permeable to ____, but not _____

A

water, but not solutes

56
Q

The ascending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to ____ and passively and actively removes ____ from the tubular fluid. It is also very long in the juxta nephrons, creating ___

A

impermeable to water, passively and actively removes sodium and chloride ions, and high solute concentrations in peritubular fluid.

57
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption occurs at ___ and

A

the PCT and absorbs most of the water.

58
Q

facultative water reabsorption occurs at the ___ and only occurs if

A

collecting ducts and occurs if ADH is secreted.

59
Q

When ADH is present, which of the following parts of the nephron and collecting system are affected?

A

DCT and collecting duct

60
Q

Aldosterone helps retain

A

sodium

61
Q

Countercurrent

A

exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions.

62
Q

Multiplication

A

Effect of exchange increases as movement of fluid continues

63
Q

Na and Cl are pumped out of the thick ascending limb leads to

A

elevated osmotic concentration in peritubular fluid around the descending thin limb

64
Q

Water flows out of descending thin limb into peritubular fluid leads to

A

increasing solute concentration of tubular fluid in descending thin limb

65
Q

Water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the

A

PCT and descending limb of nephron loop.

66
Q

ADH increases

A

osmotic water movement
number of water channels
water permeability of DCT and collecting system

67
Q

Without ADH

A

all fluid reaching DCT is lost in urine and large amounts of dilute urine are produced

68
Q

Urine storage reflex

A

stimulating contraction of internal urethral sphincter

69
Q

Pontine storage center

A

contracts/stimulates external urethral sphincter

70
Q

The kidney is supplied by blood through

A

renal arteries

71
Q

The nephrons are supplied by blood through

A

afferent arterioles

72
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

renin

73
Q

The PCT has ___ cells with ___ to help maximize surface area for absorption

A

cuboidal cells with microvilli

74
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A

renal corpuscle

75
Q

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

A

secretion

76
Q

Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

A

peritubular fluid

77
Q

What best describes how the autonomic mechanism regulates for GFR?

A

Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.

78
Q

Effects of sympathetic activation:

A

altered regional blood flow
vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
renin release

79
Q
A

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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