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Intro to Biology for Vet Techs > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

used to view the types of cells present in a blood or urine sample

A

Light Microscope

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2
Q

used to explore internal structures within a cell

A

Electron Microscope

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3
Q

a set of defining principles that describes the characteristics of cells

A

Cell Theory

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4
Q

What are the 6 primary tenets of Modern Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
  5. All cells have the same basic chemical composition
  6. Energy flow occurs within cells
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5
Q

What are the 4 components every eukaryotic cell shares at the very least?

A

Every cell:
1. has a plasma membrane
2. has cytosol, cytoplasm and organelles
3. contains chromosomes that carry genes in the form of DNA
4. contains ribosomes

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6
Q

a jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

the space within the cell that contains the cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

specialized cellular structures that have special functions within the cell

A

Orgnelles

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9
Q

use the amino acids floating around the cytosol to replicate the genetic code necessary for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

What are the 2 categories of cells?

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Eukaryotic
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11
Q

What are the 2 major domains of Prokaryotes?

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
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12
Q

Give 4 characteristics of Prokaryotes

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Don’t have membrane bound organelles
  3. Have a nucleoid + a singular, circular chromosome
  4. 10 microns in size
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13
Q

the selectively permeable membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer that controls the flow of molecules, ions and proteins into and out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

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14
Q

hairlike appendages found on the cell surface that help bacteria adhere to extracellular surfaces

A

Pili (sg. Pilus)

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15
Q

rigid layer of sugar-based molecules surrounding most prokaryotes that provide structural support and protection

A

Cell Wall

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16
Q

a sugar-containing layer associated with the virulence of bacteria

A

Capsule

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17
Q

the irregularly shaped region that contains most of the cell’s genetic material and is not contained by a membrane

A

Nucleoid

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18
Q

a tail-like appendage that enables movement on many bacterial cells

A

Flagellum

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19
Q

prokaryotic organisms capable of thriving in very harsh environments

A

Archaea

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20
Q

the most abundant prokaryotes

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

Give 3 examples of prokaryotic cells

A
  1. E-coli
  2. Streptococcus equi (Strangles)
  3. Archaea of Yellowstone Nat. Park
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22
Q

bacterial prokaryote that causes urinary tract infections in small animals

A

Escherichia coli (E-Coli)

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23
Q

bacterial prokaryote that causes respiratory infection in horses

A

Streptococcus equi (Strangles)

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24
Q

archaea that live in extremely hot geothermal geysers where no other type of life can survive

A

Archaea of Yellowstone National Park

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25
Q

Give 4 characteristics of Eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Have membrane bound organelles
  3. Have a nucleus + multiple rod-shaped chromosomes
  4. 100 microns in size
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26
Q

finger-like projections that increase the cell’s surface area to prolong contact with fluids in order to absorb nutrients from food and blood

A

Microvilli

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27
Q

controls DNA transcription and synthesis + determining which proteins will be made

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and offers an extra layer of protection from potentially harmful bacteria, enzymes, and pathogens

A

Nuclear Envelope

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29
Q

a semi-soft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin and allows for the passage of RNA, ions, and molecules to and from the cytoplasm

A

Nucleoplasm

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30
Q

contain the hereditary information for cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes

A

Chromosomes and Chromatin

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31
Q

linear structures in eukaryotes that contain DNA / the # of them each organism has is a function of complexity

A

Chromosomes

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32
Q

smaller units of coiled DNA within the nucleus

A

Chromatin

33
Q

smaller non-membrane bound region within the nucleus that produces ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

34
Q

Give 4 examples of Eukaryotes

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Protists
  4. Fungi
35
Q

What 2 things are Ribosomes composed of?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. rRNA
36
Q

the cellular components within ribosomes that build proteins

A

rRNA

37
Q

carries out cell tasks such as protein synthesis and detoxification of poisons

A

Endomembrane System

38
Q

the transport of proteins, molecules and ions across membranes

A

Protein Synthesis

39
Q

The Endomembrane System includes what 2 things?

A
  1. Nuclear Envelope
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
40
Q

a plasma membrane that folds in on itself within the cell and is composed of cisternae

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

41
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum attached to?

A

The nucleus

42
Q

sacs and tubules

A

cisternae

43
Q

the internal parts of the cisternae that allow cellular products to move through it to other regions of the cell

A

Lumen

44
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Rough
  2. Smooth
45
Q

Responsible for producing proteins with ribosomes

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

46
Q

Responsible for synthesizing lipids and fats as well as detoxification of the cell

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

47
Q

responsible for finishing the early protein and lipids products synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi Apparatus

48
Q

tiny membrane-bound, bubble-like sacs used for transport

A

Vesicles

49
Q

Once the Golgi Apparatus adds the finishing touches to early cellular products, what does it do?

A

Packages the finished product into vesicles and sends them to other regions of the cell

50
Q

opening on one side of the Golgi Apparatus where the early cellular products are received

A

Cis Face

51
Q

opening on the other side of the Golgi Apparatus where the finished proteins leave

A

Trans Face

52
Q

What 7 things are Mitochondria composed of?

A
  1. Outer and Inner Membranes
  2. Intermembrane Space
  3. Matrix
  4. Cristae
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Mitochondrial DNA
  7. ATP Synthase
53
Q

Responsible for animal cellular energy production by generating adenosine triphosphate

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

the folded layers of the mitochondria’s inner membrane

A

Cristae

55
Q

is an energy carrying molecule produced by cellular respiration in the mitochondria

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

56
Q

the process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients and also produces carbon dioxide as a water product

A

Cellular Respiration

57
Q

Responsible for the autophagy of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and old organelles into products like amino acids and peptides

A

Lysosomes

58
Q

the process of recycling the cell material

A

Autophagy

59
Q

Responsible for the autophagy of lipids and fats and the removal of free radicals in the cytoplasm

A

Peroxisomes

60
Q

organelle that can bond to other membranes and move cell material (ribosomes or amino acids) around the cell

A

Vesicles

61
Q

organelles that do not bond with other membranes and store molecules for exocytosis and endocytosis

A

Vacuoles

62
Q

being removed from a cell

A

Exocytosis

63
Q

being brought into a cell

A

Endocytosis

64
Q

Name 4 things plant cells have that animal cells do not

A
  1. Large Vacuoles
  2. Amyloplasts
  3. Cell Wall
  4. Chloroplasts
65
Q

organelle within the cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape, take up water, and provide storage for nutrients and waste products

A

Large Vacuoles

66
Q

organelle that stores and synthesizes starch that’s converted to glucose to be used for metabolic pathways and energy generation within the plant

A

Amyloplasts

67
Q

outer shell of the cell that gives added stability and protection of the plant cell

A

Cell Wall

68
Q

organelles in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

69
Q

class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells containing pigment or food

A

Plastids

70
Q

Give 3 examples of plastids

A
  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Amyloplasts
  3. Chromoplasts
71
Q

the process in which solar energy is converted into sugars

A

Photosynthesis

72
Q

absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis and gives plants their green color

A

Chlorophyll

73
Q

the fluid within a chloroplast but outside the grana that contains the ribosomes and chloroplast DNA

A

Stroma

74
Q

a stack of thylakoids

A

Granum (pl. Grana)

75
Q

each of a number of flattened sacs that is the site of photosynthesis and can be stacked

A

Thylakoid

76
Q

the space between the thylakoid sacs

A

Thylakoid Space

77
Q

the intracellular matrix of a chloroplast

A

Lamella

78
Q

Where is Chloroplast DNA located?

A

Within the Stroma

Intro to Biology for Vet Techs (12 decks)

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