Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Parasitology > Chapter 5: Hemoflagellates > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Hemoflagellates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the FOUR morphologic forms of hemoflagellates?

A
  1. Amastigote
  2. Promastigote
  3. Epimastigote
  4. Trypomastigote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This morphologic form contains a nucleus, a basal body structure (called a blepharoplast), and a small parabasal body.

Characteristics:

  • Roundish to oval, measures 5 by 3 µm in size.
  • The dotlike blepharoplast gives rise to and is attached to an axoneme.
  • Kinetoplast is an umbrella term often used to refer to the blepharoplast and small parabasal body.
A

Amastigotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This morphologic form has a large single nucleus located in or near the center of the long slender body.

Characteristics:

  • Long and slender, measures 9 to 15 µm in length.
  • The kinetoplast is located in the anterior end of the organism.
  • A single free flagellum extends anteriorly from the axoneme.
A

Promastigotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This morphologic form has a body that is slightly wider than that of the promastigote.

Characteristics:

  • Long and slightly wider than promastigote form, measures approximately 9 to 15 µm in length.
  • The large single nucleus is located at the posterior end of the organism.
  • The kinetoplast is located anterior to the nucleus.
  • An undulating membrane, measuring half the body length, forms into a free flagellum at the anterior end of the epimastigote.
A

Epimastigotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This morphologic form is represented in its straight form for comparison purposes because it denotes the individual structures.

Characteristics:

  • Long and slender, it measures 12-35 µm long by 2-4 µm wide.
  • C, S, or U shapes often seen in stained blood films.
  • Posteriorly located kinetoplast from which emerges a full body length undulating membrane.
  • The single large nucleus is located anterior to the kinetoplast.
  • An anterior free flagellum may or may not be present.
A

Trypomastigotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Quick Quiz 5-1

This is the only hemoflagellate morphologic form
that does not have an external flagellum.

A. Trypomastigote
B. Amastigote
C. Promastigote
D. Epimastigote

A

B. Amastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Quick Quiz 5-2

Hemoflagellates are typically found in stool samples.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False.

It should be found in the blood, lymph node and ulcer aspirations, tissue biopsies, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These two morphologic forms are routinely found in human specimens.

A

Amastigote & Trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It is a general term used to describe diseases caused by the hemoflagellate genus Leishmania.

A

Leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Quick Quiz 5-3

The symptoms of hemoflagellate infections range from minor, such as irritation at the infection site, to serious (comatose state and death).

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A common name for an infection with Leishmania tropica; it is a cutaneous form of leishmaniasis presenting with pus-containing ulcers.

A

Baghdad boils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A common name for a cutaneous form of infection caused by Leishmania mexicana.

A

Bay sore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A form of cutaneous leishmaniasis cased by L. mexicana; it is commonly found in Belize, Guatemala, and the Yucatan peninsula in areas where chicle sap is harvested for making chewing gum.

A

Chiclero ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A common name for the visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani.

A

Dum-dum fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Another name for an infection resulting from Leishmania braziliensis, the principle cause of mucocutaneous disease in Central and South America, particularly in Brazil.

A

Espundia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Another name for an infection with Leishmania guyanensis, the principle cause of mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis in the Guianas, parts of Brazil, and Venezuela; also known as pian bois.

A

Forest yaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Another name for the most severe form of visceral leishmaniasis caused by members of Leishmania donovani complex.

A

Kala-azar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A common reference for the cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by the infecting agents comprising the Leishmania tropic complex.

A

Oriental sore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Another name for infection with L. guyanensis; also known as forest yaws.

A

Pian bois

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A reference to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes.

A

Uta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names of Leishmania braziliensis complex?

A
  • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
  • Chiclero ulcer
  • Espundia
  • Forest yaws
  • Pian bois
  • Uta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This parasite complex of organisms is found in Mexico, Argentina, Panama, Colombia, the Peruvian Andes, Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Characteristics:

  • These organisms are the causative agents and may also be referred to as New World.
A

Leishmania braziliensis complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen choice for identifying the amastigotes of L. braziliensis complex?

A
  • Biopsy of the infected ulcer
  • Microscopic examination of the Giemsa-stained preparations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen sample may be collected for promastigotes of L. brazilensis complex?

A

Enzyme analysis & Molecular techniques

Note:

Promastigotes may be present when the sample is collected immediately after introduction into the patient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, restriction analysis of kinetoplast DNA in L. braziliensis complex is a technique referred to as schizodeme analysis, nuclear DNA hybridization, and isoenzyme patterns, known as?

A

Zymodeme analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most effective treatment for L. braziliensis complex?

A

Pentosam

Some alternative treatments:

  • Amphotericin B
  • Fluconazole
  • Ketoconazole
  • Itraconazole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Quick Quiz 5-5

The organism causing chiclero ulcer is most likely found in:

A. Texas
B. South American rainforest region
C. Nova Scotia
D. Egypt

A

B. South American rainforest region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Quick Quiz 5-6

Which of the following is not an acceptable treatment for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis?

A. Amoxicillin
B. Pentosam
C. Ambisome
D. Fungizone

A

A. Amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names of Leishmania donovani complex?

A
  • Visceral leishmaniasis
  • Kala-azar
  • Dum dum fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

This parasite has a complex of organisms found in India, Pakistan, Thailand, Africa, the Peoples Republic of China, the Mediterranean, Europe, Africa, the Near East, parts of the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, Yemen, Oman, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Central and South America.

Characteristics:

  • These organisms are the causative agents and may also be referred to as Old or New World.
A

Leishmania donovani complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, it is a screening test similar to that of the tuberculin skin test; it is used for screening large populations at risk for infections caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Montenegro skin test

32
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen of choice for diagnosing amastigotes forms in L. donovani complex?

A
  • Giemsa stained slides of blood
  • Bone marrow
  • Lymph node aspirates
  • Biopsies of the infected areas
33
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen of choice for diagnosing promastigotes forms in L. donovani complex?

A
  • Blood
  • Bone marrow
  • Other tissues may also be cultured

Note:

Other serologic testing available

  • IFA
  • ELISA
  • DAT
34
Q

What is the treatment of choice for treating visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome)

Note:

  • It has been added to the treatment include a combination of paromomycin and miltefosine.
35
Q

What parasite is commonly associated disease and condition names for Leishmania mexicana complex?

A
  • New World cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • Chiclero ulcer
  • Bay sore
36
Q

This parasite has a complex of organisms found in Belize, Guatemala, the Yucatan Peninsula, the Amazon River Basin, Venezuela, Brazil, and the Venezuelan Andes. L. mexicana, Leishmania pifanoi, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania venezuelensis, and Leishmania garnhami are the members of this group.

Characteristics:

  • The diseases for which its organisms are the causative agent may also be referred to as New World.
A

Leishmania mexicana complex

37
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, L. mexicana complex is made by demonstrating the amastigote form in?

A

Giemsa-stained preparations of lesion biopsy material

38
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the culture method medium used for L. mexicana complex to demonstrate the promastigote stage of these organisms?

A

Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN)

Note:

Alternative or other techniques available.

  • Serologic testing using monoclonal antibodies
  • Schizodeme analysis
  • Zymodeme analysis
  • Nuclear DNA hybridization
39
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating infections related to the species comprising the L. mexicana complex?

A

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)

40
Q

Quick Quiz 5-10

The specimen of choice for the recovery of L. mexicana complex members is:

A. CSF
B. Stool
C. Lesion biopsy material
D. Duodenal contents

A

C. Lesion biopsy material

41
Q

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names for Leishmania tropica complex?

A
  • Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • Oriental sores
  • Delhi boils
  • Baghdad boils
  • Dry or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis
42
Q

This parasite has a complex of organisms found in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Armenia, Caspian region, Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Ethiopian highlands, southern Yemen, Turkmenistan deserts, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, northern Africa, the Sahara, Iran, Syria, Israel, and Jordan.

Characteristics:

  • This parasite organism is the causative agent and may also be referred to as Old World.
A

Leishmania tropica complex

43
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what microscopic examination is used to detect a typical amastigote for L. tropica complex?

A

Giemsa-stained slides of aspiration of fluid underneath the ulcer bed

Note:

For promastigote and research basis

  • Serologic tests, such as IFA testing
  • Schizodeme analysis
  • Zymodeme analysis
  • Nuclear DNA hybridization
44
Q

What is the effective treatment of L. tropica complex?

A

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)

Note:

For the use of steroids application treatment:

  • Meglumine antimonate (Glucantime)
  • Pentamidine
  • Oral ketoconazole
  • Paromomycin
45
Q

Quick Quiz 5-11

The specimen of choice for the recovery of L. tropica complex members is:

A. CSF
B. Fluid underneath the ulcer bed
C. Blood
D. Tissue biopsy

A

B. Fluid underneath the ulcer bed

46
Q

It is a general term used to refer to human diseases caused by hemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma.

A

Trypanosomiasis

47
Q

Trypanosoma brucei as the causative agent of the trypanosomal diseases known as?

A

Nagana

48
Q

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?

A
  • West African sleeping sickness
  • Gambian trypanosomiasis
49
Q

This parasite is found in the tropical areas of western and central Africa.

Characteristics:

  • This organism is less aggressive than that of its East African counterpart.
A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

50
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what are the specimen of choice for diagnosing T.b. gambiense?

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph node aspirations
  • CSF

Note:

Trypomastigote morphologic forms:

  • Giemsa-stained slides of blood and lymph
    node aspirations
51
Q

It refers to the enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes in reference to this trypanosomal disease.

A

Winterbottom’s sign

52
Q

Other symptoms that may be seen during the glandular phase of T. b. gambiense in the disease include.

A
  • Erythematous (red rashes)
  • Edema (swelling)
  • Kerandel’s sign (a delayed sensation to
    pain)
  • Somnolence (excessive sleepiness)
53
Q

What is the treatment of choice for T.b. gambiense infections?

A
  • Melarsoprol
  • Suramin
  • Pentamidine
  • Eflornithine
54
Q

T.b. gambiense has also been shown to be
acquired through?

A
  • Blood transfusion
  • Organ transplantation
  • Congenital transmission
55
Q

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense?

A
  • East African sleeping sickness
  • Rhodesian trypanosomiasis
56
Q

This parasite is found in eastern and central Africa.

Characteristics:

  • This disease course for the illness caused by this organism is much more aggressive than that of its West African counterpart.
A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

57
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen of choice to detect T.b. rhodesiense trypomastigotes?

A
  • Blood slides stained with Giemsa
  • Microscopic examination of CSF sediment
58
Q

What is the treatment of choice for T.b. rhodesiense infections?

A
  • Melarsoprol
  • Suramin
  • Pentamidine
  • Eflornithine
59
Q

Quick Quiz 5-12

The diagnostic stage of T.b. rhodesiense is the:

A. Trypomastigote
B. Epimastigote
C. Promastigote
D. Amastigote

A

A. Trypomastigote

60
Q

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A
  • Chagas’ disease
  • American trypanosomiasis
61
Q

This parasite is found in southern portions of the United States, Mexico, and Central and South America.

Characteristics:

  • This disease course for this illness often presents itself with cardiac and gastrointestinal distress.
A

Trypanosoma cruzi

62
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen of choice for T. cruzi trypomastigotes?

A

Giemsa-stained blood slides

63
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen of choice for T. cruzi amastigotes?

A
  • Lymph node biopsy Giemsa-stained slides
  • Blood culture
64
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what is the specimen of choice for T. cruzi epimastigotes?

A

Arthropod vector

65
Q

Patients who contract T. cruzi through the ocular mucosa develop a characteristic conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids, a condition known as?

A

Romaña’s sign.

66
Q

What is the treatment of choice for T. cruzi?

A

Nifurtimox (Lampit)

Note:

Other medications

  • Benznidazole
  • Allopurinol
  • Ketoconazole
67
Q

The traditional method of diagnosing T. cruzi
trypomastigotes in endemic areas of South
America is known as?

A

Xenodiagnosis

68
Q

What method has successfully detected T.cruzi in a number of studies conducted in recent years?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

69
Q

This parasite is found in many of the same geographic regions as T. cruzi.

Characteristics:

  • Infections are generally asymptomatic and tend to show no pathologic changes or signs of disease.
A

Trypanosoma rangeli

70
Q

In laboratory diagnosis, what specimen of choice for the detection of the typical T. rangeli trypomastigotes?

A

Giemsa-stained blood slides

Note:

It can also be diagnosed by:

  • Xenodiagnosis
  • Serologic testing methods
  • PCR-based methods are also available.
71
Q

What is the treatment choice for T. rangeli?

A

Nifurtimox and benzimidazole

72
Q

Which of the following is the vector first identified as responsible for transmitting T. cruzi?

A. Phlebotomus spp.
B. Lutzomyia spp.
C. Panstrongylus megistus
D. Glossina spp

A

C. Panstrongylus megistus

73
Q

What is the vector responsible for transmitting T. rangeli?

A

Reduviid bug

74
Q

What are the two species/vector responsible for T. b. gambiense?

A
  • Glosina palpalis
  • Glossina tachinoides
75
Q

What are the two species/vector responsible for T. b. rhodesiense?

A
  • Glossina morsitans
  • Glossina pallidipes

Clinical Parasitology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions