Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AQA A A LEVEL PE A* > Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is spatial summation

A

The addition of impulses recieved at different places on the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Decribe how an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood during exercise would lead to an increased breathing rate (3 marks)

A

1) Increased blood acidity/decreased blood ph
2) detected by chemoreceptors
3) Impulse sent to medulla oblongata in respiratiry centre
3) Increased impulses sent to respiratory muscles (diaphragm/intercostals/sternocliedomastoid) to contract faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Analyse how cardiovascular drift may result in lower levels of performance (3 marks)

A

1) Athletes will sweat, reducing the plasma volume of the blood
2) Blood becmes more viscous/thicker which reduced venous return
3) Due to startlings law, stroke volume and ejection fraction will decrease (as stroke volume and ejection fraction decrease, heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

AO1 Altitude training (2 marks)

A

1) Training at more than 2000m/8000ft above sea level
2) Usually for at least 30 days
3) Three phases- acclimatisation, primary training, recovery
4) Partial pressure of oxygen is lower
5) Body produced EPO, higher EPO levels increase red blood cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Advantages of altitude training for a marathon runner

A

1) The marathon is a long duration, low intensity aerobic event and altitude training will increase VO2 max, allowing the athlete to perform at higher intensities for longer, resulting in a higher average speed over the duration of the race. If timed correctly, the gains in VO2 max and aerobic power could be the difference between winning and losing the race.
2) Increased myoglobin in muscle cells allows more oxygen to be stored and carried to mitochondria
3) Increased concentration of haemoglobin provides endurance athlete with increased oxygen carrying capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disadvantages of altitude training

A

1) Altitude sickness may occur, which may prevents the athlete training, this may mean a loss of fitness and detraining and a worse performance in the marathon, as the athlete is unable to train.
2) Furthermore, training at the same intensity as at sea level is hard so detraining and a loss of fitness may occur.
3) Altitude training is very expensive and not accesible for the majority of athletes unless elite- some of these issues can be overcome with new methodologies such as live high train low or hypoxic tents for sleeping in.
4) As benefits only last for up to 14 days, training must be performed close to the event to be effective, however travelling close to a race may have negative impacts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Starlings law

A

1) Increased venous return
2)Greater diastolic filling of the heart
3)Cardiac muscle stretched
4)Greater force of contraction
5)Increased ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting stroke volume

A

1) venous return
2)elasticity of cardiac fibres
3)contractility of cardiac tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Impact of venous return on stroke volume

A

-The return of blood to the right side of the vena cava via the veins (more blood entering the heart=more blood leaving the heart)
-Starlings law: increased venous return, greater diastolic filling of the heart, cardiac muscle stretched, greater force of contraction and ejection fraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Impact of elasticity of cardiac fibres on stroke volume

A

The more cardiac muscle fibres stretch during the diastolic filling phase of the cardiac cycle, greater the force of contraction, ejection fraction and stroke volume (starlings law)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Impact of contractility of cardiac tissue on stroke volume (myocardium)

A

The greater the contractility of the cardiac tissue (myocardium), the greater the force of contraction, stroke volume and cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stage 1 of starlings law

A

Increased venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stage 2 of starlings law

A

Greater diastolic filling of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stage 3 of starlings law

A

Cardiac muscle stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stage 4 of starlings law

A

greater force of contraction and increased ejection fraction, sv and cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Slow replenishment stage of EPOC/lactaid component (hours-days)

A

1)removal of lactic acid- oxidation into co2/water, used in muscles as energy, cori cycle, converted into protein and removed via sweat and urine
2)extra o2 needed to provide energy for maintaining high breathing and heart rate and energy for respiratory and cardiovascular muscles
3)glycogen replenishment
4)extra o2 needed to provide energy for body temperature increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fast stage of EPOC/alactacid component

A

-Uses extra o2 taken in during recovery to restore ATP and PC and resaturate myoglobin with oxygen
-takes 2-3 litres o2, complete resaturation in 3 min, 50% after 30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long does fast stage of EPOC take (alactacid) and how much oxygen does it use?

A

-takes 2-3 litres o2
-complete resaturation in 3 min
50% resaturation in 30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens in fast stage of EPOC (alactacid)?

A

Uses extra o2 taken in during recovery to restore atp and pc and resaturate myoglobin with oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define cori cycle

A

The process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted into glucose and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define EPOC

A

The amount of o2 consumed during recovery, above that which would have been consumed at the same time during rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain how slow and fast-twitch fibres differ in structure and function

A

Activity used for:
Type I: Aerobic
Type IIa: long term anaerobic
Type IIx: Short term anaerobic

Contraction speed:
Type I: slow
Type IIa: fast
Type IIx: very fast

Size of motor neurone:
Type I: small
Type IIa: large
Type IIx: very large

Resistance to fatigue:
Type I: high
Type IIa: large
Type IIx: very large

Force production:
Type I: low
Type IIa: intermediate
Type IIx: high

Number of mitochondria:
Type I: High
Type IIa: High
Type IIx: low

Capillary density/oxidative capacity:
Type I: High
Type IIa: intermediate
Type IIx: low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

The amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute (litres/min)
Cardiac output= HR X SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is venous return?

A

The volume of blood that returns to the right side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction (systole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Used to estimate pressure against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels (diastole- relaxation and filling stage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate- a high energy compound that is the immediate energy source for muscular contractions and other energy requiring processes in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate- breakdown product of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is ATPase?

A

Adenosine triphosphatease- an enzyme that breaks down ATP to ADP + Pi, releasing energy that can be used for muscular contraction

32
Q

What is CK creating kinase?

A

An enzyme that catalyses the transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP to form ATP. Also known as creatine phosphokinase

33
Q

What is diastolic filling of the heart?

A

The time in between ventricular contractions (systole), where ventricular filling occurs (diastole)

34
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polymer of glucose used as storage form of carbohydrate in the liver and muscles

35
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

36
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

-All the muscle fibres supplied by a single motor neurone

37
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

-A protein that binds to oxygen and only releases it at very low pressures

38
Q

What is PCr

A

-Phosphocreatine or creatine phosphate, used to supply energy at very high intensities

39
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

-3-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis

40
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

-The enzyme catalysing thee conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A

41
Q

What is RER?

A

-Respiratory exchange ratio, the ratio of carbon dioxide produced divided by oxygen consumption, representing a measure of energy consumption.

42
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

-A series of reactions that takes place in the matrix of mitochondria
-The reactions involve combination of acetyl-coA with oxaloectic acid to form citric acid

43
Q

What are type I fibres?

A

-Small diameter muscle cells that contain relatively slow acting myosin ATPases and hence contract slowly, their red colour is due to the presence of myoglobin.
-These fibres possess a high capacity for oxidative metabolism, are extremely fatigue resistant and specialised for the performance of repeated contractions over prolonged periods.

44
Q

What motion does the tibialis anterior perform on the foot?

A

Dorsiflexion

45
Q

What motion does the gastrocnemius perform on the foot?

A

Plantarflexion

46
Q

What is VO2 max

A

Maximal oxygen uptake (l/min)

47
Q

Why does oxygen consumption increase with running velocity?

A

As running speed increases, more muscle cells in the legs become active, muscles need more energy to provide greater propulsive forces, so the muscles consume oxygen at higher rates.

48
Q

Define A-VO2 diff

A

-Arterio-venous difference, the difference between oxygen in arterial and venous blood, essentially how much o2 is being up taken by the muscle cells, increases dying exercise

49
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air ventilated in or out of the lungs during one breath. It increases dramatically during exercise due to the body’s increased oxygen demand.

50
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled a minute

51
Q

Process of vasodilation during exercise

A

During exercise, the vascular portion of active muscles increases through dilation of arterioles, a process known as vasodilation that involves an increase in the diameter of the blood vessels resulting in an increased blood flow to the muscles

52
Q

Process of vasoconstriction during exercise

A

Decrease of diameter of a blood vessel by contracting of vessel walls
-eg during exercise blood flow to digestive system decreases as more blood flow redirected to muscles

53
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

An anticipatory rise in heart rate occurs before the stat of exercise due to release of neurotransmitters (adrenaline) thus before exercise starts there is already an increase in heart rate and subsequent flow of blood to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscle that is about to be worked.

54
Q

Aerobic system stages

A

1)Glycolysis
2)Krebs cycle
3)Electron transport chain

55
Q

What happens in aerobic glycolysis

A

-aerobic glycolysis converts stored glycogen to glucose
-This glucose is broken down by enzymes in the presence of oxygen
-Two ATP molecules are used to fuel glycolysis and four are created, resulting in a gain of 2 ATP
-Pyruvate is created as the end product of the breakdown of glucose and in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A which is synthesized in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to create more ATP

56
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Series of aerobic reactions in matrix of mitochondria. Co2 produced and hydrogen removed from carbon molecules. Acetyl coenzyme A combines with carbon to form citric acid

57
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Hydrogen ions from Krebs cycle are carried to electron transport chain, hydrogen used to resynthesize ATP
Oxygen combines with hydrogen and electrons to form water. Produces 34 ATP for every molecule of glucose. Occurs in cristae of mitochondria.

58
Q

How many ATP does aerobic glycolysis yield?

A

2 per molecule glucose

59
Q

How many ATP does Krebs cycle yield

A

2

60
Q

How many ATP does electron transport chain yield

A

34

61
Q

How long does ATP-PC system last

A

8-10s

62
Q

How long does anaerobic glycolytic system last

A

30-90s

63
Q

What is the contraction speed of each of the muscle fibres?

A

Type 1 slow: (110 m/s)
Type 2a Fast: (50 m/s)
Type 2b Fast: (50 m/s)

64
Q

What is the motor neurone size in each of the muscle fibres?

A

Type 1: small
Type 2a and b: large

65
Q

What is the motor neurone conduction capacity in each fibre?

A

Type 1: slow
Type 2 a and b: fast

66
Q

Muscle fibres force produced and fatiguability?

A

Type 1: low force, low fatiguability
Type 2a: High force, medium fatiguability
Type 2b: High force, high fatiguability

67
Q

Mitochondrial density/myoglobin content/capillary density of muscle fibres

A

Type 1: high
Type 2a: medium
Type 2b: low

68
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have more cardiac muscle than the right?

A

The left side holds oxygenated blood, this blood needs to be pumped to the rest of the body, the larger muscle size allows the heart to generate enough force necessary to pump the blood to the whole body.

69
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

-Detect changes in co2
- An increased concentration of CO2 in the blood will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which means the heart will beat faster.

70
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

-Respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure
-Baroreceptors establish a set point for blood pressure
-An increase or decrease above or below this set point results in the Baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla oblongta

71
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

-stretch receptors Detect changes in muscle movement, increase HR when movement increases

72
Q

Which lung volume will be lower at exercise than at rest?

A

Decreased IRV

73
Q

Describe the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the regulation of heart rate (3)

A

-Medulla oblongata sends impulse to the Sino-atrial node
-Sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate as sympathetic impulses travel down the sympathetic nerve adrenaline is produced
- Parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate, impulse travel down vagus nerve, adrenaline secretion inhibited

74
Q

Analyse the role of EPOC in a 1 minute break in a HIIT workout

A

-EPOC will work during the breaks to repay the oxygen debt
-In the Fast alactacid component, some of the ATP-PC system will be resynthesized, allowing the athlete to perform anerobically/high intensity in subsequent rounds.
-PC stores will not be fully resynthesized resulting in increased use of anaerobic glycolytic system, leading to buildup of lactic
-Slow/lactic component: not enough time to break down lactic acid so it will build up causing fatigue and inhibiting performance.

75
Q

Characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

-small motor neuron size
-low contraction force
-slow conductivity
-slow contraction speed
-high mitochondrial density
-high capillary density
-low glycogen stores
-high triglyceride stores (fat)
-high myoglobin content
-low fatiguability

76
Q

Order of impulse through the heart
(SALLY ALWAYS AIMS BALLS PAST VICKY)

A

SAN, AVN, Atrial systole, Bundle of His, purkinje fibres, ventricular systole

AQA A A LEVEL PE A* (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions