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BIO 1140 - Introduction to Cell & Molecular Biology > BIO 1140 - Introduction to Biology > Flashcards

BIO 1140 - Introduction to Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What Distinguishes Living Things from
Nonliving Things?

A
  • Cellular Structure
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Response to stimuli
  • Adaptation
  • Homeostasis
  • Evolution
  • Limited lifespan
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2
Q

What is Biology?

A

Biology is the scientific study of living things (organisms) both alive and dead (fossils)

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3
Q

What is the Goal of Biology?

A

discovering and understanding the underlying unity and diversity of the complex processes that make up life

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4
Q

What are some Shared Characteristics between Organisms?

A
  • Similarity in chemical composition, cell structure, cell functions, genetic codes
  • composed of a common set of chemical compounds (carbohydrates, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and amino acids)
  • contain genetic information which always flows from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein
  • use a universal molecular code to build proteins from their genomic information
  • Use the same amino acids to produce proteins
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5
Q

What are All (almost all) Biological Molecules composed of?

A

Almost all biological molecules are composed of only six types of elements:
- hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

and similar chemical groups:
- methyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, phosphoryl, amino and thiol

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6
Q

What is the Three Domain System?

A

Organisms have common characteristics due to the three domains:
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

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7
Q

When was the Earth Formed?

A

Earth was formed around 4.6 billion years ago

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8
Q

When did Life appear on Earth?

A

Life appeared around 4 billion years ago

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9
Q

What were two Critical Steps for Evolution?

A

The critical step for the evolution of life was the appearance of nucleic acids

The enclosure of biological molecules by membranes composed of fatty acids was an important step in the evolution of life

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10
Q

How are Nucleic Acids critical for Evolution?

A

Nucleic acids could reproduce themselves and serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins

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11
Q

What are Liposomes?

A

Fatty acids make spherical structures called liposomes

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12
Q

What did Primordial Oceans allow?

A

Allowed membranous structures to envelop complex biological molecules

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13
Q

What did Photosynthesis allow?

A

Photosynthesis allows some organisms to capture energy from the Sun

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14
Q

Is Aerobic or Anaerobic Metabolism more efficient?

A

Aerobic metabolism is far more efficient than anaerobic metabolism in extracting energy from nutrient molecules

With the accumulation of oxygen, life began to move to land

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15
Q

How might Eukaryotes have arisen from
Prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes arose with contributions from both bacteria and archaea
- the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

How do Organisms extract Energy and Raw Materials?

A
  • Living organisms obtain nutrients from their environment
  • Biochemical reactions break down nutrient molecules
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17
Q

What do Chemical Breakdowns produce?

A

Chemical breakdown produces building blocks for structures and energy for cell works (mechanical, biochemical and electrical)

18
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment is called homeostasis
- Homeostasis requires cell activity regulation
- Regulation requires internal and external information

19
Q

What are the Mechanisms for Integrating information?

A

Sensory, effector and signaling mechanisms help integrate information

20
Q

What are the Major Information Systems?

A

The major information systems of animals are the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems

  • They use chemical and electric signals to process information
21
Q

What is a Community and an Ecosystem?

A

The populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area are called a community

Communities together with their abiotic, or physical, environment constitute an ecosystem

22
Q

What is Genetics?

A

The study of genes

23
Q

What did Mendel discover?

A

Mendel showed that discrete units (genes) are responsible for trait inheritance

24
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

DNA molecules are composed of four different subunits called nucleotides

25
Q

What is a Genome?

A

All DNA in a cell constitutes its genome

26
Q

What does Gene Expression involve?

A

Gene expression involves transcription (RNA synthesis) and translation (protein synthesis)

27
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA through transcription and from RNA to protein through translation

28
Q

What is the Sequence for the Central Dogma?

A

The sequence of nucleotides in a particular segment of DNA (a gene) is:
- transcribed into an RNA molecule
- then be translated into the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein
- Only a small part of the gene, RNA, and protein are shown

29
Q

What are different Cell Types?

A

Differenttype ofcells in an organism have different functions and structure.
- Each cell type expresses a particular set of genes

30
Q

What are Mutations?

A

Permanent changes in DNA sequence are called mutations.
- Changes in DNA occur naturally or can be induced by environmental factors

31
Q

What are the two MAIN types of Mutations?

A

Most mutations are harmful:
- cancer
- disorders
- deformities

Some are beneficial:
- Polyploidy organisms with extra sets of chromosomes
- Resistance to chemicals and diseases
- Evolution

32
Q

What is the Broad term for Natural Selection?

A

Differences among individuals in a population lead to differential survival and reproduction (natural selection)

33
Q

What does Natural Selection lead to?

A

Natural selection leads to adaptations and accounts for the evolution of biodiversity

34
Q

What factors help construct Phylogenetic Trees?

A

Identification, analysis and quantification of similarities and differences among species help construct phylogenetic trees

35
Q

What are Phylogenetic Trees?

A

Phylogenetic trees display the evolutionary history of different groups of organisms

36
Q

What is a Binomial Name?

A

The first part of the binomial name indicates the genus and the second part the species

ex: Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis

37
Q

How do Biologists Investigate Life?

A

Biologists investigate life through experiments that test hypotheses:
- Observation and quantification are important skills in science
- Scientific methods combine observation, experimentation and logic (inductive/deductive logic)
- Good experiments can falsify hypotheses (controlled/comparative experiments)
- Statistical methods are essential scientific tools (null hypothesis, probability of error)
- Not all forms of inquiry are scientific

38
Q

What are the Two Types of Experiments?

A
  1. Comparative
  2. Controlled
39
Q

What are Comparative Experiments?

A
  • collecting and comparing data from two or more groups
  • groups that differ in multiple unknown ways
  • It starts with the prediction that there will be a difference between the groups
  • difficult to isolate the impact of one variable and to generalize
  • challenging to control all variables
40
Q

What are Controlled Experiments?

A
  • we predict that a critical factor or variable affects a phenomenon
  • studied organisms/cells are divided into two groups
  • all variables are held constant between the two groups
  • only the factor of interest is manipulated in the experimental group
  • The effect of the manipulated variable is investigated.
  • Not easy to design, hard to change just one factor in a biological system
41
Q

What are the two groups in a Controlled Experiment?

A
  1. manipulated group called “experimental”
  2. unmanipulated group called “control”

BIO 1140 - Introduction to Cell & Molecular Biology (7 decks)

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