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BIO 1140 - Introduction to Cell & Molecular Biology > BIO 1140 - Cell Energy Generation > Flashcards

BIO 1140 - Cell Energy Generation Flashcards

1
Q

What does Photosynthesis involve?

A

Photosynthesis involves light and gas exchange.

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2
Q

Where does Photosynthesis occur?

A

Photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts
- two membranes

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3
Q

What are Chlorophyll-Containing Thylakoid membranes?

A

Contains light-capturing + ATP generating systems

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4
Q

What is a Granum?

A

Single thylakoid stack
- Grana for plural

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5
Q

What are the Two Pathways of Photosynthesis?

A
  1. The light reaction
  2. The carbon-fixation reaction
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6
Q

What is the Light Reaction?

A

convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH.
- Takes place in thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

What is the Carbon-Fixation Reaction?

A

The carbon-fixation reactions (light-independent reactions) use ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce carbohydrates.
- takes place in stroma (“matrix” of chloroplast)

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8
Q

How is Light Energy absorbed?

A

Light energy is absorbed by pigments in photosynthesis

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9
Q

What are Pigments?

A

Molecules that absorb wavelength in the visible spectrum are called pigments.

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10
Q

What are the Three common Photosynthetic Pigments?

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta-carotene are common photosynthetic pigments in plants.

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11
Q

What is Light?

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation
- has a dual nature

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12
Q

What is the Dual Nature of Light?

A
  1. It propagates in waves but has particle-like behaviors.
  2. Particles of light are described as packets of energy called photons.
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13
Q

What is the relation between amount of energy in Electromagnetic Radiation and the Wavelength?

A

The amount of energy in electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to its wavelength
- the shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy

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14
Q

What happens when Light energy is absorbed by molecules?

A

When a molecule acquires the energy of the photon, it is raised from a ground state (with lower energy) to an excited state with higher energy.

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15
Q

Is Green Light absorbed?

A

No, Chlorophyll A and B don’t absorb green light
- leaves are green because it is reflected

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16
Q

What happens when a Beam of White light falls on a pigment?

A

When a bean of white light falls on a pigment , certain wavelengths are absorbed.

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17
Q

What happens to the remaining Wavelength that are not absorbed?

A

The remaining wavelength are scattered or transmitted and make the pigment appear to us as colored.

18
Q

What is the Structure of Chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll’s structure allows it to absorb energy from light
- consists of a complex ring structure and a hydrocarbon tail
- The hydrocarbon tail anchors the chlorophyll in the hydrophobic region of a membrane in the chloroplast thylakoid

19
Q

What is a Photosystem?

A

A photosystem is a complex of proteins and pigments in the thylakoid membrane.
- Antenna system
- Reaction center

20
Q

How do the Antenna System and Reaction Center work together?

A

Pigments in the antenna system absorb light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll a in the reaction center.

21
Q

What is the Movement of Electrons in a Photosystem?

A

Electrons from chlorophylls in the reaction center are transferred to an electron acceptor

Electrons are transported through the thylakoid membrane

22
Q

What role does Water have in the Reaction Centre?

A

Water molecules are split to provide electrons for chlorophylls in the reaction center

23
Q

Where are Protons transferred to?

A

Transferred from stroma to the interior of thylakoids during electron transport
- Moves from [high] to [low]

24
Q

What is the role of Movement of Electrons?

A

The movement of electrons in thylakoid membrane powers the production of both ATP and NADPH.

25
Q

How is the Energy of Electrons boosted in Photosystem 1?

A

Electrons energy is boosted in photosystem I and transferred to NADP+
- adds energy to electrons from PSII
- energy of light increase energy of electrons

26
Q

What are the Products of the Light Reaction?

A

The light reactions of photosynthesis lead to the production of:
- ATP
- NADPH
- O2

27
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts use chemiosmosis to generate ATP
- The movement of protons through special channels to produce a proton gradient
- Membrane-based mechanisms use the energy provided by food or sunlight to generate ATP

28
Q

What are the Similarities of Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts?

A
  1. Before ATP produced, a chemical gradient of H+ is present
  2. Complex collection of proteins uses electrons to pump H+ from one side to another
  3. Same ATP synthase used to create ATP
  4. Membrane-based mechanisms
29
Q

What are the differences of Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts?

A

Mitochondria:
1. Electron from NADH
2. H+ pump: matrix to intermembrane space
3. 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ 2e -> H2O
4. O2 is oxidizing reagent (becomes reduced)

Chloroplast:
1. Electron from H2O
2. H+ pump: Stroma -> Thylakoid space
3. H2O -> 2 H+ + 2e + 1/2 O2
4. Water is Oxidized

30
Q

How is ATP synthesized?

A

ATP is synthesized using chemical gradient of protons
- Photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation = ETC + chemiosmosis

Chloroplast:
- Uses energy from sun to generate H+ gradient

Mitochondria:
- Uses energy from oxidation of food to generate H+ gradient

31
Q

What is the First Stage of Photosynthesis?

A

a series of photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions produce ATP and NADPH

in the process, electrons are extracted from water and oxygen is released as a by-product.

32
Q

What is the Second Stage of Photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide is assimilated (fixed) to produce sugars and a variety of other organic molecules.

33
Q

What does Carbon Fixation use?

A

Carbon fixation uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugar

34
Q

What does Carbon Fixation involve?

A

Carbon fixation involves the formation of a covalent bond that attaches CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

  • The carbon-fixation cycle consumes ATP and NADPH to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
35
Q

What does the production of 1 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate require?

A

Production of 1 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate requires 3 CO2, 9ATP and 6NADPH

36
Q

What are the Three Stages of Carbon Fixation (Calvin) Cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation stage
  2. reduction + sugar production
  3. Regeneration and ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate
37
Q

What are the Products of Calvin Cycle used for?

A

The products of Calvin cycle are used in other metabolic pathways
- Some glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) enters glycolysis and is converted into pyruvate (in mito)
- Some glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) enters gluconeogenesis to form glucose (in chloro)

38
Q

How does Light stimulate the Calvin Cycle?

A

Light-induced pH changes in the stroma activate some Calvin cycle enzymes.

Light-induced electron transport reduces disulfide bridges in four of the Calvin cycle enzymes, thereby activating them.

39
Q

What do Corn, Nuts, and Peas all contain?

A

Corn, nuts, and peas all contain rich stores of starch and fats
- Some plant seeds serve as important foods for humans.
- These stored starch and fats provide the plant embryo in the seed with energy and building blocks for biosynthesis.

40
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts.
- Nearly all of them are proteins.

41
Q

What is the Classification of Enzymes based on?

A
  • classified based on the type of biochemical reaction they catalyze
  • The name of the class describes the type of reaction they catalyze.
  • The suffix –ase is commonly used to indicate that a molecule is an enzyme

BIO 1140 - Introduction to Cell & Molecular Biology (7 decks)

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